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Hydrothermal vents are fissures on the seabed from which geothermally heated water discharges. They are commonly found near volcanically active places, areas where tectonic plates are moving apart at mid-ocean ridges, ocean basins, and hotspots. [1]
The lava cactus is endemic to the Galápagos, where it is found on Fernandina, Genovesa, Isabela, Pinta, Santa Cruz, and Santiago, [12] as well as some smaller islands, [2] including Bartolomé. [1] It grows on barren lava flows, both pāhoehoe and ʻaʻā. [2] It is one of the first species to grow on new lava flows. [1]
Thiolava veneris was found growing in laterally extensive mats in an area recently obliterated by underwater volcanism. The bacteria were discovered growing at about 130 m water depth, near the summit of the submarine volcano Tagoro.
A census in 1984 found 131 plants, only 15 of which were believed to be wild and not propagated in nursery settings. [6] The University of Hawaiʻi Botany Department has published a 1987 photo which they claim shows the only known natural population of the Mauna Kea silversword at that time, a few individuals on cliffs above the Wailuku River ...
The cyanobacteria live on the surface of the limestone and are sustained by the calcium-rich dripping water, which allows them to grow toward the two open ends of the cave which provide light. [ 55 ] Stromatolites composed of calcite have been found in both the Blue Lake in the dormant volcano, Mount Gambier and at least eight cenote lakes ...
There are around 200 volcanoes in Texas that have been extinct for millions of years, making them unlikely to erupt again, because the volcano no longer has a magma supply.
Deep ocean water contains the largest reservoir of nitrogen available to hydrothermal vents, with around 0.59 mM of dissolved nitrogen gas. [ 24 ] [ 25 ] Ammonium is the dominant species of dissolved inorganic nitrogen, and can be produced by water mass mixing below hydrothermal vents and discharged in vent fluids. [ 25 ]
Lakes in calderas fill large craters formed by the collapse of a volcano during an eruption. Examples: Crater Lake, Oregon, United States; Heaven Lake, China/North Korea; Lake Toba, Sumatra, Indonesia; Soda Lakes in Nevada, USA. Lakes in maars fill small craters where an eruption deposited debris around a vent. Examples: