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The Thirteenth Amendment (Amendment XIII) to the United States Constitution abolished slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime.The amendment was passed by the Senate on April 8, 1864, by the House of Representatives on January 31, 1865, and ratified by the required 27 of the then 36 states on December 6, 1865, and proclaimed on December 18.
An animation showing the free/slave status of U.S. states and territories, 1789–1861 (see separate yearly maps below). The American Civil War began in 1861. The 13th Amendment, effective December 6, 1865, abolished slavery in the U.S.
Text of the 13th Amendment. The Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution abolished slavery and involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for a crime. [6] It was passed by the U.S. Senate on April 8, 1864, and, after one unsuccessful vote and extensive legislative maneuvering by the Lincoln administration, the House followed suit on January 31, 1865. [7]
In 1865, the Union won the Civil War, and states ratified the Thirteenth Amendment, outlawing slavery (except as punishment for a crime) throughout the entire country. The Southern states initially enacted Black Codes in an attempt to maintain control over black labor.
Secretary of State William H. Seward announced the passage of the Thirteenth Amendment on December 18, 1865. [30] The Thirteenth Amendment was the first of the three Reconstruction Amendments adopted following the American Civil War, [31] the other two being the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments.
Disputes over slavery between the Northern and Southern states led to the American Civil War, in which 178,000 African Americans served on the Union side. During the war, President Abraham Lincoln issued the Thirteenth Amendment, which abolished slavery in the U.S., except as punishment for a crime. [11]
The Thirteenth Amendment and American Freedom: A Legal History. New York University Press, 2004. ISBN 0814782760; Vorenberg, Michael. Final Freedom: The Civil War, the Abolition of Slavery, and the Thirteenth Amendment. Cambridge University Press, 2001. ISBN 978-1139428002. Woodley, Thomas F. Great Leveler: The Life of Thaddeus Stevens (1937 ...
Lincoln and the Triumph of the Nation: Constitutional Conflict in the American Civil War. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press. Radan, Peter (2023). Creating a More Perfect Slaveholders' Union: Slavery, the Constitution, and Secession in Antebellum America. Lawrence Kansas: University Press of Kansas. Rebeiro, Bradley (2023).