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From the example above, if the descendant with genes A1 and B underwent another speciation event where gene A1 duplicated, the new species would have genes B, A1a, and A1b. In this example, genes A1a and A1b are symparalogs. [1] Vertebrate Hox genes are organized in sets of paralogs. Each Hox cluster (HoxA, HoxB, etc.) is on a different chromosome.
A speciation event produces orthologs in the two daughter species (human and chimpanzee). Bottom: in a separate species ( E. coli ), an gene has a similar function ( histone-like nucleoid-structuring protein ) but has a separate evolutionary origin and so is an analog .
English: Top: An ancestral gene duplicates to produce two paralogs (Genes A and B). A speciation event produces orthologs in the two daughter species. Bottom: in a separate species, an unrelated gene has a similar function (Gene C) but has a separate evolutionary origin and so is an analog.
The term "ortholog" was coined in 1970 by the molecular evolutionist Walter Fitch. [41] Homologous sequences are paralogous if they were created by a duplication event within the genome. For gene duplication events, if a gene in an organism is duplicated, the two copies are paralogous. They can shape the structure of whole genomes and thus ...
Entrainment in the biomusicological sense refers to the synchronization (e.g., foot tapping) of organisms to an external perceived rhythm such as human music and dance. Humans are the only species for which all individuals experience entrainment, although there are documented examples of entrained nonhuman individuals.
This situation is called synteny, translated roughly as possessing common chromosome sequences. For example, many of the genes of humans are syntenic with those of other mammals—not only apes but also cows, mice, and so on. Study of synteny can show how the genome is cut and pasted in the course of evolution.
In an article, about Music therapy and group work, the authors discuss how music and active listening play an important role in helping someone suffering from a mental illness improve their well-being. [1] For example, in music, attunement, is how listeners are able to connect with others while listening to and making the music. [1]
The Nordoff–Robbins approach to music therapy is a method developed to help children with psychological, physical, or developmental disabilities. [1] It originated from the 17-year collaboration of Paul Nordoff and Clive Robbins [2] beginning in 1958, [3] with early influences from Rudolph Steiner and anthroposophical philosophy and teachings. [4]