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Denitrification is commonly used to remove nitrogen from sewage and municipal wastewater. It is also an instrumental process in constructed wetlands [ 28 ] and riparian zones [ 29 ] for the prevention of groundwater pollution with nitrate resulting from excessive agricultural or residential fertilizer usage. [ 30 ]
Denitrifying bacteria use denitrification to generate ATP. [5] The most common denitrification process is outlined below, with the nitrogen oxides being converted back to gaseous nitrogen: 2 NO 3 − + 10 e − + 12 H + → N 2 + 6 H 2 O. The result is one molecule of nitrogen and six molecules of water.
Aerobic denitrification, or co-respiration, the simultaneous use of both oxygen (O 2) and nitrate (NO − 3) as oxidizing agents, performed by various genera of microorganisms. [1] This process differs from anaerobic denitrification not only in its insensitivity to the presence of oxygen, but also in its higher potential to form nitrous oxide ...
Denitrification happens in anaerobic conditions e.g. waterlogged soils. The denitrifying bacteria use nitrates in the soil to carry out respiration and consequently produce nitrogen gas, which is inert and unavailable to plants. Denitrification occurs in free-living microorganisms as well as obligate symbionts of anaerobic ciliates. [29]
The conventional removal is nitrification, followed by denitrification. The cost of this process resides mainly in aeration (bringing oxygen in the reactor) and the addition of an external carbon source (e.g., methanol) for the denitrification. Nitrification can also occur in drinking water.
Dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium is more common in prokaryotes but may also occur in eukaryotic microorganisms. [3] [4] [5] DNRA is a component of the terrestrial and oceanic nitrogen cycle. Unlike denitrification, it acts to conserve bioavailable nitrogen in the system, producing soluble ammonium rather than unreactive nitrogen gas ...
The DO concentration remains high in the outside rings of the floc where nitrification occurs but low in the inner rings of the floc where denitrification occurs. This method is dependent on the floc size and characteristics; however controlling flocs is not well understood and is an active field of study [ 2 ]
An example of the ecological importance of anaerobic respiration is the use of nitrate as a terminal electron acceptor, or dissimilatory denitrification, which is the main route by which fixed nitrogen is returned to the atmosphere as molecular nitrogen gas. [3] The denitrification process is also very important in host-microbe interactions.