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Botanist S.B. Parsons was commissioned by the US government to travel to northern Italy in 1859 to obtain pure strains of Ligurian bees. [2] [3] Ten hives were obtained and shipped at a cost of $1,200 but only two queens survived the journey.
Queen rearing can be practiced on a small scale by hobbyist or sideline beekeepers raising a small number of queens for their own use, or can be practiced on a larger, commercial scale by companies that produce queen bees for sale to the public. As of 2017, the cost of a queen honeybee ranges from $25 to $32. [19]
Worker bees use the beeswax to build honeycomb cells. For the wax-making bees to secrete wax, the ambient temperature in the hive must be 33 to 36 °C (91 to 97 °F). The book Beeswax Production, Harvesting, Processing and Products suggests one kilogram (2.2 lb) of beeswax is sufficient to store 22 kg (49 lb) of honey.
Honey bees live in hives with thousands of other bees containing anywhere from 20,000 to 80,000 members. Each colony has one queen , and they protect and follow her.
Their ability to do this is known as social homeostasis and was first described by Gates in 1914. [71] During hot weather, bees cool the hive by circulating cool air from the entrance through the hive and out again; [72] and if necessary by placing water, which they fetch, throughout the hive to create evaporative cooling. [73]
As of 2015, Toronto does not have any bylaws governing beekeeping, so the Ontario Bees Act applies. The Act does not address urban beekeeping but contains a 30 m (98 ft) set back requirement for property lines, and a 10 m (33 ft) set back requirement for highways. [ 31 ]
[14] [15] The bees then cap the cells of finished honey with wax. This seals them from contamination and prevents further evaporation. [15] So long as its water concentration does not rise much above 18%, honey has an indefinite shelf life, both within the hive and after its removal by a beekeeper. [14]
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