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Structuralism is an intellectual current and methodological approach, primarily in the social sciences, that interprets elements of human culture by way of their relationship to a broader system. [1] It works to uncover the structural patterns that underlie all the things that humans do, think, perceive, and feel.
Edward B. Titchener is credited for the theory of structuralism. It is considered to be the first "school" of psychology. [3] [4] Because he was a student of Wilhelm Wundt at the University of Leipzig, Titchener's ideas on how the mind worked were heavily influenced by Wundt's theory of voluntarism and his ideas of association and apperception (the passive and active combinations of elements ...
Structuralism is a movement in architecture and urban planning that evolved around the middle of the 20th century. It was a reaction to Rationalism 's ( CIAM-Functionalism ) [ 1 ] perceived lifeless expression of urban planning that ignored the identity of the inhabitants and urban forms.
Structuralism posits the concept of binary opposition, in which frequently-used pairs of opposite-but-related words (concepts) are often arranged in a hierarchy; for example: Enlightenment/Romantic, male/female, speech/writing, rational/emotional, signified/signifier, symbolic/imaginary, and east/west.
For example, to understand the function of one grammatical case, it must be contrasted to all the other cases and, more widely, to all other grammatical categories of the language. [20] The structural approach in humanities follows from 19th century Geist thinking which is derived from Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel's philosophy.
A classic example of binary opposition is the presence-absence dichotomy. According to structuralism, distinguishing between presence and absence, viewed as polar opposites, is a fundamental element of thought in many cultures.
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The philosophical concept of (scientific) structuralism is related to that of epistemic structural realism (ESR). [3] ESR, a position originally and independently held by Henri Poincaré (1902), [8] [9] Bertrand Russell (1927), [10] and Rudolf Carnap (1928), [11] was resurrected by John Worrall (1989), who proposes that there is retention of structure across theory change.