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Skinner became an atheist after a Christian teacher tried to assuage his fear of the hell that his grandmother described. [14] His brother Edward, two and a half years younger, died at age 16 of a cerebral hemorrhage. [15] Skinner's closest friend as a young boy was Raphael Miller, whom he called Doc because his father was a doctor.
Shaping sometimes fails. An oft-cited example is an attempt by Marian and Keller Breland (students of B.F. Skinner) to shape a pig and a raccoon to deposit a coin in a piggy bank, using food as the reinforcer. Instead of learning to deposit the coin, the pig began to root it into the ground, and the raccoon "washed" and rubbed the coins together.
Skinner box. An operant conditioning chamber (also known as a Skinner box) is a laboratory apparatus used to study animal behavior. The operant conditioning chamber was created by B. F. Skinner while he was a graduate student at Harvard University. The chamber can be used to study both operant conditioning and classical conditioning. [1] [2]
Opening Skinner's Box: Great Psychological Experiments of the Twentieth Century (W. W. Norton & Company, 2004, ISBN 0393050955), is a book by Lauren Slater.. In this book, Slater sets out to describe some of the psychological experiments of the twentieth century.
Operant conditioning originated with Edward Thorndike, whose law of effect theorised that behaviors arise as a result of consequences as satisfying or discomforting. In the 20th century, operant conditioning was studied by behavioral psychologists, who believed that much of mind and behaviour is explained through environmental conditioning.
This is a list of books and articles by and interviews with the British intellectual historian, Quentin Skinner. [1] Regarded as one of the founders of the Cambridge School of the history of political thought for his work on historical method, [2] Skinner's principal empirical focus as a historian has been on the history of Early Modern political thought.
George William Skinner (simplified Chinese: 施坚雅; traditional Chinese: 施堅雅; February 14, 1925 – October 26, 2008) was an American anthropologist and scholar of China. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Skinner was a proponent of the spatial approach to Chinese history, as explained in his Presidential Address to the Association for Asian Studies in ...
Quentin Skinner was born on 26 November 1940, the second son of Alexander Skinner (died 1979) and Winifred Skinner, née Duthie (died 1982). He was educated at Bedford School from the age of seven. Like his elder brother, he won an entrance scholarship to Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge , from where he graduated with a double-starred ...