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Hydroxyproline is a major component of the protein collagen, [3] comprising roughly 13.5% of mammalian collagen. Hydroxyproline and proline play key roles for collagen stability. [4] They permit the sharp twisting of the collagen helix. [5]
The systematic name of this enzyme class is L-proline:NAD(P)+ 5-oxidoreductase. Other names in common use include proline oxidase, L-proline oxidase, 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase, NADPH-L-Delta1-pyrroline carboxylic acid reductase, and L-proline-NAD(P)+ 5-oxidoreductase. This enzyme participates in arginine and proline metabolism.
It is non-essential in humans, meaning the body can synthesize it from the non-essential amino acid L-glutamate. It is encoded by all the codons starting with CC (CCU, CCC, CCA, and CCG). Proline is the only proteinogenic amino acid which is a secondary amine , as the nitrogen atom is attached both to the α-carbon and to a chain of three ...
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proline. Secondary amino acids, amino acids containing a secondary amine group are sometimes named imino acids, [2] [3] though this usage is obsolescent. [1] The only proteinogenic amino acid of this type is proline, although the related non-proteinogenic amino acids hydroxyproline [4] [5] [6] and pipecolic acid [7] have often been included in studies of this class of compounds.
The stereoisomer (S)-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate (also referred to as L-P5C) is an intermediate metabolite in the biosynthesis and degradation of proline and arginine. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ] In prokaryotic proline biosynthesis, GSA is synthesized from γ-glutamyl phosphate by the enzyme γ-glutamyl phosphate reductase .
This enzyme helps to break down the pyrroline-5-carboxylate produced in the previous reaction, converting it to the amino acid glutamate. The conversion between proline and glutamine, and the reverse reaction controlled by different enzymes, are important factors required to maintain proper metabolism and protein production.
Procollagen-proline dioxygenase catalyzes the following reaction: L-proline + alpha-ketoglutaric acid + O 2 → (2S, 4R)-4-hydroxyproline + succinate + CO 2. The mechanism for the reaction is similar to that of other dioxygenases, and occurs in two distinct stages: [3] In the first, a highly reactive Fe(IV)=O species is produced.