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PepsiCo introduced the first two-liter sized soft drink bottle in 1970. [1] Motivated by market research conducted by new marketing vice president John Sculley (who would later be known for heading Apple Inc. from 1983 to 1993), [2] the bottle and the method of its production were designed by a team led by Nathaniel Wyeth of DuPont, who received the patent in 1973. [3]
The leader–member exchange (LMX) theory is a relationship-based approach to leadership that focuses on the two-way relationship between leaders and followers. [1]The latest version (2016) of leader–member exchange theory of leadership development explains the growth of vertical dyadic workplace influence and team performance in terms of selection and self-selection of informal ...
The four relational models are as follows: Communal sharing (CS) relationships are the most basic form of relationship where some bounded group of people are conceived as equivalent, undifferentiated and interchangeable such that distinct individual identities are disregarded and commonalities are emphasized, with intimate and kinship relations being prototypical examples of CS relationship. [2]
The theory focuses on types of leader-subordinate relationships [4] which are further classified into subgroups, namely the in-group and the out-group. [5] The in-group consists of members that receive greater responsibilities and encouragement, [5] and are able to express opinions without having any restrictions.
The Fiedler contingency model argues that three situational components can determine whether task-oriented or relationship-oriented leadership is the better fit for the situation: Leader-Member Relations, referring to the degree of mutual trust, respect and confidence between the leader and the subordinates.
Knapp's relational development model portrays relationship development as a ten step process, broken into two phases. Created by and named after communication scholar Mark L. Knapp , the model suggests that all of the steps should be done one at a time, in sequence, to make sure they are effective.
The consulting firm Russell Reynolds, which also tracks CEO changes, said high turnover shows growing risk appetites and "a desire for leaders who can navigate increasing complexity in the macro ...
The MLQ was constructed by Bruce J. Avolio and Bernard M. Bass with the goal to assess a full range of leadership styles. [2] [3] The MLQ is composed of 9 scales that measure three leadership styles: transformational leadership (5 scales), transactional leadership (2 scales), and passive/avoidant behavior (2 scales), and 3 scales that measure ...