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Cost–volume–profit (CVP), in managerial economics, is a form of cost accounting. It is a simplified model, useful for elementary instruction and for short-run decisions. It is a simplified model, useful for elementary instruction and for short-run decisions.
The discounted payback method still does not offer concrete decision criteria to determine if an investment increases a firm's value. In order to calculate DPB, an estimate of the cost of capital is required. Another disadvantage is that cash flows beyond the discounted payback period are ignored entirely with this method. [3]
Each cash inflow/outflow is discounted back to its present value (PV). Then all are summed such that NPV is the sum of all terms: = (+) where: t is the time of the cash flow; i is the discount rate, i.e. the return that could be earned per unit of time on an investment with similar risk
[2] [6] The "discount rate" is the rate at which the "discount" must grow as the delay in payment is extended. [7] This fact is directly tied into the time value of money and its calculations. [1] The present value of $1,000, 100 years into the future. Curves representing constant discount rates of 2%, 3%, 5%, and 7%
Myers proposes calculating the VTS by discounting the tax savings at the cost of debt (Kd). [5] The argument is that the risk of the tax saving arising from the use of debt is the same as the risk of the debt. [6] The method is to calculate the NPV of the project as if it is all-equity financed (so called "base case"). [7]
The concept of the stochastic discount factor (SDF) is used in financial economics and mathematical finance. The name derives from the price of an asset being computable by "discounting" the future cash flow x ~ i {\displaystyle {\tilde {x}}_{i}} by the stochastic factor m ~ {\displaystyle {\tilde {m}}} , and then taking the expectation. [ 1 ]
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Volume–price trend (VPT) (sometimes price–volume trend) is a technical analysis indicator intended to relate price and volume in the stock market.VPT is based on a running cumulative volume that adds or subtracts a multiple of the percentage change in share price trend and current volume, depending upon the investment's upward or downward movements.