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Long-term opioid use can cause opioid-induced hyperalgesia, which is a condition in which the patient has increased sensitivity to pain. [101] All of the opioids can cause side effects. [70] Common adverse reactions in patients taking opioids for pain relief include nausea and vomiting, drowsiness, itching, dry mouth, dizziness, and constipation.
Constipation has a number of structural (mechanical, morphological, anatomical) causes, namely through creating space-occupying lesions within the colon that stop the passage of stool, such as colorectal cancer, strictures, rectocoles, anal sphincter damage or malformation and post-surgical changes. Extra-intestinal masses such as other ...
Opioid drugs are known to cause opioid-induced constipation (OIC) by inhibiting gastric emptying and decreasing peristaltic waves leading to delayed absorption of medications and more water absorption from the feces. That can result in hard and dry stool and constipation for some patients. [2]
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The euphoria, comprehensive alleviation of distress and therefore all aspects of suffering, promotion of sociability and empathy, "body high", and anxiolysis provided by narcotic drugs including opioids can cause the use of high doses in the absence of pain for a protracted period, which can impart a craving for the drug in the user. [157]
As is typical of opioids, common side effects include constipation, itchiness, and nausea. [12] Serious side effects may include hallucinations, seizures, increased risk of serotonin syndrome, decreased alertness, and drug addiction. [12] A change in dosage may be recommended in those with kidney or liver problems. [12]
Codeine is used to treat mild to moderate pain. [4] It is commonly used to treat post-surgical dental pain. [13]Weak evidence indicates that it is useful in cancer pain, but it may have increased adverse effects, especially constipation, compared to other opioids. [14]
In 2011, it was the leading cause of drug-related deaths in the U.S. [57] However, from 2012 onwards, heroin and fentanyl have become more common causes of drug-related deaths. [57] Oxycodone overdose has also been described to cause spinal cord infarction in high doses and ischemic damage to the brain, due to prolonged hypoxia from suppressed ...