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  2. Geometrical optics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometrical_optics

    Geometrical optics, or ray optics, is a model of optics that describes light propagation in terms of rays. The ray in geometrical optics is an abstraction useful for approximating the paths along which light propagates under certain circumstances. The simplifying assumptions of geometrical optics include that light rays:

  3. Real image - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_image

    In ray diagrams (such as the images on the right), real rays of light are always represented by full, solid lines; perceived or extrapolated rays of light are represented by dashed lines. A real image occurs at points where rays actually converge, whereas a virtual image occurs at points that rays appear to be diverging from.

  4. Ray (optics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_(optics)

    The principal ray or chief ray (sometimes known as the b ray) in an optical system is the meridional ray that starts at an edge of an object and passes through the center of the aperture stop. [ 5 ] [ 8 ] [ 7 ] The distance between the chief ray (or an extension of it for a virtual image) and the optical axis at an image location defines the ...

  5. Virtual image - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_image

    A real image is the collection of focus points made by converging rays, while a virtual image is the collection of focus points made by backward extensions of diverging rays. In other words, a virtual image is found by tracing real rays that emerge from an optical device ( lens , mirror , or some combination) backward to perceived or apparent ...

  6. Caustic (optics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caustic_(optics)

    The rays refracted by a non-flat surface form caustics where many of them cross. Concentration of light, especially sunlight, can burn.The word caustic, in fact, comes from the Greek καυστός, burnt, via the Latin causticus, burning.

  7. Photon - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photon

    A photon (from Ancient Greek φῶς, φωτός (phôs, phōtós) 'light') is an elementary particle that is a quantum of the electromagnetic field, including electromagnetic radiation such as light and radio waves, and the force carrier for the electromagnetic force.

  8. Light - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light

    If the beam of light is not orthogonal (or rather normal) to the boundary, the change in wavelength results in a change in the direction of the beam. This change of direction is known as refraction. The refractive quality of lenses is frequently used to manipulate light in order to change the apparent size of images.

  9. Optics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optics

    Generally, an additional source of illumination is used since magnified images are dimmer due to the conservation of energy and the spreading of light rays over a larger surface area. Modern microscopes, known as compound microscopes have many lenses in them (typically four) to optimize the functionality and enhance image stability. [ 111 ]