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Section through railway track and foundation showing the sub-grade. Grading in civil engineering and landscape architectural construction is the work of ensuring a level base, or one with a specified slope, [1] for a construction work such as a foundation, the base course for a road or a railway, or landscape and garden improvements, or surface drainage.
A certificate of occupancy is evidence that the building complies substantially with the plans and specifications that have been submitted to, and approved by, the local authority. It complements a building permit —a document that must be filed by the applicant with the local authority before construction to indicate that the proposed ...
Site Drawing for Gov. Inst. for Research in Physical Education, Japan 1935. A civil drawing, or site drawing, is a type of technical drawing that shows information about grading, landscaping, or other site details. These drawings are intended to give a clear picture of all things in a construction site to a civil engineer.
Planning permission or building permit refers to the approval needed for construction or expansion (including significant renovation), and sometimes for demolition, in some jurisdictions. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] House building permits, for example, are subject to building codes .
CRISIL has recently entered the space of independent grading of NGOs. It provides a comprehensive not-for-profit assessment, with detailed insights into its governance structure, management capabilities, internal controls and risk management mechanisms, program implementation capabilities, funding profile, and cost structure.
In a design, the gradation of the in situ (on site) soil often controls the design and ground water drainage of the site. A poorly graded soil will have better drainage than a well graded soil, [2] if it is not high in clay quality. Soil is graded as either well graded or poorly graded. [3]
Tennessee Valley Authority civil engineers monitoring hydraulics of a scale model of Tellico Dam. Civil engineering is a professional engineering discipline that deals with the design, construction, and maintenance of the physical and naturally built environment, including public works such as roads, bridges, canals, dams, airports, sewage systems, pipelines, structural components of buildings ...
Drainage gradient (DG) is a term in road design, defined as the combined slope due to road surface cross slope (CS) and longitudinal slope (hilliness). Although the term may not be used, the concept is also used in roof design and landscape architecture. If the drainage gradient is too low, rain and melt water drainage will be insufficient.