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Lime softening (also known as lime buttering, lime-soda treatment, or Clark's process) [1] is a type of water treatment used for water softening, which uses the addition of limewater (calcium hydroxide) to remove hardness (deposits of calcium and magnesium salts) by precipitation.
In industrial scale water softening plants, the effluent flow from the re-generation process can precipitate scale that can interfere with sewage systems. [ 3 ] The slippery feeling associated with washing in soft water is caused by the weaker attraction of the soap to the water ions when the water has been stripped of its mineral content.
A bulk lime spreader operating at Canterbury Agricultural College, 1949. Agricultural lime, also called aglime, agricultural limestone, garden lime or liming, is a soil additive made from pulverized limestone or chalk. The primary active component is calcium carbonate. Additional chemicals vary depending on the mineral source and may include ...
Calcium hydroxide has many names including hydrated lime, caustic lime, builders' lime, slaked lime, cal, and pickling lime. Calcium hydroxide is used in many applications, including food preparation, where it has been identified as E number E526. Limewater, also called milk of lime, is the common name for a saturated solution of calcium hydroxide.
If the water is acidic (lower than 7), lime, soda ash, or caustic soda (sodium hydroxide) can be added to raise the pH during water purification processes and is especially common practice for water softening. The choice of chemical used for raising the pH often depends on the carbonate alkalinity in the water.
filling - heavy/dense chemicals that make the leather harder and heavier are added. stuffing - fats/oils and waxes are added between the fibres. stripping - superficially fixed tannins are removed. whitening - the colour of the leather is lightened. fixation - all unbound chemicals are chemically bonded/trapped or removed from the leather
He became known for the discovery of the phosphate of soda, and the process of lime softening of hard water the 'Clark process'. A Clark degree (°Clark) of water hardness is defined as one grain (64.8 mg) of CaCO 3 per Imperial gallon (4.55 litres) of water, equivalent to 14.254 ppm. and 10^5 parts of water
Lime sulfur is believed to be the earliest synthetic chemical used as a pesticide, being used in the 1840s in France to control grape vine powdery mildew Uncinula necator, which had been introduced from the USA in 1845 and reduced wine production by 80%. [citation needed] In 1886 it was first used in California to control San Jose scale ...