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Sexual differentiation is the process of development of the sex differences between males and females from an undifferentiated zygote. [1] [2] Sex determination is often distinct from sex differentiation; sex determination is the designation for the development stage towards either male or female, while sex differentiation is the pathway towards the development of the phenotype.
Most mammals, including humans, have an XY sex-determination system: the Y chromosome carries factors responsible for triggering male development. In the absence of a Y chromosome, the fetus will undergo female development. This is because of the presence of the sex-determining region of the Y chromosome, also known as the SRY gene. [5]
Two studies, conducted in the four European Union countries, involving 2,000 participants (1,000 men and 1 000 women) concluded that females are 74 - 92% as strong as males, as many women (211 of 1,000) are still physically stronger than average men. [30] [31] The differences is smaller in lower body strength and higher in upper body strength. [28]
An analysis of the hypothalamus by Swaab and Hofman (1990;2007) found that the volume of the SCN in homosexual men was 1.7 times larger than a reference group of male subjects, and contained 2.1 times as many cells. [8] [40] During development, the volume of the SCN and the cell counts reach peak value at approximately 13 to 16 months after ...
A number of factors combine to influence the development of sex differences, including genetics and epigenetics; [5] differences in brain structure and function; [6] hormones, [7] and socialization. [3] [4] [8] [page needed] The formation of gender is controversial in many scientific fields, including psychology. Specifically, researchers and ...
The ideas of differences between the male and female brains have circulated since the time of Ancient Greek philosophers around 850 BC. In 1854, German anatomist Emil Huschke discovered a size difference in the frontal lobe, where male frontal lobes are 1% larger than those of females. [6]
This, therefore, has caused various factors to become important during this development. [120] So many factors contribute to the developing social identity of an adolescent from commitment, to coping devices, [121] to social media. All of these factors are affected by the environment an adolescent grows up in.
[17] [18] 2008 research found that, for grades 2 to 11, there were no significant gender differences in math skills among the general population. [19] Differences in variability of IQ scores have been observed in studies, with more men falling at the extremes of the spectrum. [20] [21]