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The geniohyoid muscle is innervated by fibres from the first cervical spinal nerve travelling alongside the hypoglossal nerve. [2] [4] [5] Although the first three cervical nerves give rise to the ansa cervicalis, the geniohyoid muscle is said to be innervated by the first cervical nerve, as some of its efferent fibers do not contribute to ansa cervicalis.
The four classical muscles of mastication elevate the mandible (closing the jaw) and move it forward/backward and laterally, facilitating biting and chewing. Other muscles are responsible for opening the jaw, namely the geniohyoid, mylohyoid, and digastric muscles (the lateral pterygoid may play a role).
Geniohyoid: by a branch from the hypoglossal nerve consisting of fibres from the C1 nerve. Sternohyoid, omohyoid, sternothyroid are supplied by ansa cervicalis. Thyrohyoid: by a branch of hypoglossal nerve but the fibres are all 'hitch-hiking' from C1.
The mylohyoid nerve (or nerve to mylohyoid) is a mixed nerve of the head.It is a branch of the inferior alveolar nerve.It provides motor innervation the mylohyoid muscle, and the anterior belly of the digastric muscle.
These four muscles have different actions, but in general assist in elevating the hyoid bone and widening the esophagus during swallowing.When the two bellies of the digastric contract, they pull upward on the hyoid bone; but if the hyoid is fixed from below, the digastric assists in extreme opening of the mouth such as yawning or taking a large bite of an apple. [1]
It is a fan-shaped muscle that comprises the bulk of the body of the tongue. It arises from the mental spine of the mandible; it inserts onto the hyoid bone, and the bottom of the tongue. It is innervated by the hypoglossal nerve (cranial nerve XII). The genioglossus is the major muscle responsible for protruding (or sticking out) the tongue.
The mylohyoid muscle is flat and triangular, and is situated immediately superior to the anterior belly of the digastric muscle. It is a pharyngeal muscle (derived from the first pharyngeal arch) and classified as one of the suprahyoid muscles. Together, the paired mylohyoid muscles form a muscular floor for the oral cavity of the mouth. [2]
The thyrohyoid muscle is innervated (along with the geniohyoid muscle [1] [3]: 457, 709 ) by a branch of the cervical plexus [4] [3]: 538 - the nerve to thyrohyoid muscle (thyrohyoid branch of ansa cervicalis) [4] - which is formed by fibres of the cervical spinal nerve 1 (C1) [1] [2] [3]: 538 (and - according to some sources - cervical spinal nerve 2 as well [4] [3]: 457 ) that join and ...
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