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Positive-results bias, a type of publication bias, occurs when authors are more likely to submit, or editors are more likely to accept, positive results than negative or inconclusive results. [15] Outcome reporting bias occurs when multiple outcomes are measured and analyzed, but the reporting of these outcomes is dependent on the strength and ...
To minimize bias, pooling of results from similar but separate studies requires an exhaustive search for all relevant studies. That is, a meta-analysis (or pooling of data from multiple studies) must always have emerged from a systematic review (not a selective review of the literature), even though a systematic review does not always have an ...
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[93] [115] Publication bias is augmented by the pressure to publish and the author's own confirmation bias, [b] and is an inherent hazard in the field, requiring a certain degree of skepticism on the part of readers. [41] Publication bias leads to what psychologist Robert Rosenthal calls the "file drawer effect".
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To minimize recall bias, some clinical trials have adopted a "wash out period", i.e., a substantial time period that must elapse between the subject's first observation and their subsequent observation of the same event. [7] Use of hospital records rather than patient experience can also help to avoid recall bias. [8]
In the sciences, the desire for statistically significant results leads to publication bias. [1] Academic publishing is undergoing major changes as it makes the transition from the print to the electronic format. Business models are different in the electronic environment.
Publication bias is a type of bias with regard to what academic research is likely to be published because of a tendency among researchers and journal editors to prefer some outcomes rather than others (e.g., results showing a significant finding), which leads to a problematic bias in the published literature. [139]