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  2. Cold pressor test - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_pressor_test

    The cold pressor test is a cardiovascular test performed by immersing the hand into an ice water container, usually for one minute, and measuring changes in blood pressure and heart rate. These changes relate to vascular response and pulse excitability. Some research suggests that the outcome of the cold pressor test can help to predict ...

  3. Junctional rhythm - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junctional_rhythm

    This sinus rhythm is important because it ensures that the heart's atria reliably contract before the ventricles, ensuring as optimal stroke volume and cardiac output. [ 4 ] In junctional rhythm, however, the sinoatrial node does not control the heart's rhythm – this can happen in the case of a block in conduction somewhere along the pathway ...

  4. P wave (electrocardiography) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P_wave_(electrocardiography)

    The P wave is a summation wave generated by the depolarization front as it transits the atria. Normally the right atrium depolarizes slightly earlier than left atrium since the depolarization wave originates in the sinoatrial node, in the high right atrium and then travels to and through the left atrium.

  5. Bundle branch block - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundle_branch_block

    A right bundle branch block typically causes prolongation of the last part of the QRS complex and may shift the heart's electrical axis slightly to the right. The ECG will show a terminal R wave in lead V1 and a slurred S wave in lead I. Left bundle branch block widens the entire QRS, and in most cases shifts the heart's electrical axis to the ...

  6. T wave - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T_wave

    Repolarization of the ventricle happens in the opposite direction of depolarization and is negative current, signifying the relaxation of the cardiac muscle of the ventricles. But this negative flow causes a positive T wave; although the cell becomes more negatively charged, the net effect is in the positive direction, and the ECG reports this ...

  7. Preload (cardiology) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preload_(cardiology)

    When both the heart and lungs are healthy, pulmonary wedge pressure is equal to left ventricle diastolic pressure and can be used as a surrogate for preload. [3] Pulmonary wedge pressure will overestimate left ventricle pressure in people with mitral valve stenosis, pulmonary hypertension and other heart and lung conditions. [4]

  8. Atrial septal defect - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atrial_septal_defect

    Atrial septal defect (ASD) is a congenital heart defect in which blood flows between the atria (upper chambers) of the heart.Some flow is a normal condition both pre-birth and immediately post-birth via the foramen ovale; however, when this does not naturally close after birth it is referred to as a patent (open) foramen ovale (PFO).

  9. Mitral stenosis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitral_stenosis

    If pulmonary hypertension secondary to mitral stenosis is severe, the P 2 (pulmonic) component of the second heart sound (S 2) will become loud. [citation needed] An opening snap that is a high-pitch additional sound may be heard after the A 2 (aortic) component of the second heart sound (S 2), which correlates to the forceful opening of the ...