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  2. Thermal shock - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_shock

    Thermal shock resistance measures can be used for material selection in applications subject to rapid temperature changes. The maximum temperature jump, , sustainable by a material can be defined for strength-controlled models by: [4] [3] = where is the failure stress (which can be yield or fracture stress), is the coefficient of thermal expansion, is the Young's modulus, and is a constant ...

  3. Roof shingle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roof_shingle

    Roof shingles, like other building materials on vernacular buildings, are typically of a material locally available. The type of shingle is taken into account before construction because the material affects the roof pitch and construction method: Some shingles can be installed on lath where others need solid sheathing (sheeting) on the roof deck .

  4. Damage mechanics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damage_mechanics

    L. M. Kachanov [5] and Y. N. Rabotnov [6] suggested the following evolution equations for the creep strain ε and a lumped damage state variable ω: Ë™ = Ë™ Ë™ = Ë™ where Ë™ is the creep strain rate, Ë™ is the creep-rate multiplier, is the applied stress, is the creep stress exponent of the material of interest, Ë™ is the rate of damage accumulation, Ë™ is the damage-rate multiplier, and is ...

  5. Damage tolerance - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damage_tolerance

    The approach to engineering design to account for damage tolerance is based on the assumption that flaws can exist in any structure and such flaws propagate with usage. This approach is commonly used in aerospace engineering , mechanical engineering , and civil engineering to manage the extension of cracks in structure through the application ...

  6. Creep (deformation) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creep_(deformation)

    In materials science, creep (sometimes called cold flow) is the tendency of a solid material to undergo slow deformation while subject to persistent mechanical stresses.It can occur as a result of long-term exposure to high levels of stress that are still below the yield strength of the material.

  7. Asphalt shingle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asphalt_shingle

    Asphalt shingles on a home in Avalon, New Jersey. Two types of base materials are used to make asphalt shingles, organic and fiberglass.Both are made in a similar manner, with an asphalt-saturated base covered on one or both sides with asphalt or modified-asphalt, the exposed surface impregnated with slate, schist, quartz, vitrified brick, stone, [6] or ceramic granules, and the under-side ...

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