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Gynecologic cancer is a type of cancer that affects the female reproductive system, including ovarian cancer, uterine cancer, vaginal cancer, cervical cancer, and vulvar cancer. Gynecological cancers comprise 10-15% of women's cancers, mainly affecting women past reproductive age but posing threats to fertility for younger patients. [ 1 ]
Vaginal cancer is an extraordinarily rare form of cancer that develops in the tissue of the vagina. [1] Primary vaginal cancer originates from the vaginal tissue – most frequently squamous cell carcinoma, but primary vaginal adenocarcinoma, sarcoma, and melanoma have also been reported [2] – while secondary vaginal cancer involves the metastasis of a cancer that originated in a different ...
[8] [7] Cancer that has spread from the colon, bladder, and stomach is far more common than cancer that originates in the vagina itself. [9] Some benign tumors may later progress to become malignant tumors, such as vaginal cancers. [10] [11] Some neoplastic growths of the vagina are sufficiently rare as to be only described in case studies. [3]
Squamous cell carcinoma of the vagina is a potentially invasive type of cancer that forms in the tissues of the vagina. Though uncommonly diagnosed, squamous cell cancer of the vagina (SCCV) is the most common type of vaginal cancer , accounting for 80-90% of cases as well as 2% of all gynecological cancers.
Vulvar cancer causes less than 1% of all cancer cases and deaths but around 6% of all gynecologic cancers diagnosed in the UK. Around 1,200 women were diagnosed with the disease in 2011, and 400 women died in 2012. [41] In the United Kingdom 7 out of 10 vulval cancer patients have major surgical resection as part of their cancer treatment.
The cause of CIN is chronic infection of the cervix with HPV, especially infection with high-risk HPV types 16 or 18. It is thought that the high-risk HPV infections have the ability to inactivate tumor suppressor genes such as the p53 gene and the RB gene, thus allowing the infected cells to grow unchecked and accumulate successive mutations, eventually leading to cancer.
Even though it was once thought to no longer occur past the age of 30, it is still seen in the 40s and 50s. Some of the main signs and symptoms for clear-cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina are spotting between menstrual cycles, bleeding post-menopause, abnormal bleeding, and malignant pericardial effusion or cardiac tamponade. [4]
Cancer of the uterus is always a concern, specifically when the bleeding occurs after menopause. Other types of cancer include cervical cancer; bleeding in that case can sometimes be triggered by postcoital bleeding. Cancers of the vagina or fallopian tubes are rare causes of hemorrhage.