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Phase margin and gain margin are two measures of stability for a feedback control system. They indicate how much the gain or the phase of the system can vary before it becomes unstable. Phase margin is the difference (expressed as a positive number) between 180° and the phase shift where the magnitude of the loop transfer function is 0 dB.
The notion of gain and phase margin is based upon the gain expression for a negative feedback amplifier given by = +, where A FB is the gain of the amplifier with feedback (the closed-loop gain), β is the feedback factor, and A OL is the gain without feedback (the open-loop gain). The gain A OL is a complex function of frequency, with both ...
In 2006 Google launched a beta release spreadsheet web application, this is currently known as Google Sheets and one of the applications provided in Google Drive. [16] A spreadsheet consists of a table of cells arranged into rows and columns and referred to by the X and Y locations. X locations, the columns, are normally represented by letters ...
By selecting a point along the root locus that coincides with a desired damping ratio and natural frequency, a gain K can be calculated and implemented in the controller. More elaborate techniques of controller design using the root locus are available in most control textbooks: for instance, lag, lead , PI, PD and PID controllers can be ...
A parameter often encountered in specification sheets for antennas that operate in certain environments is the ratio of gain of the antenna divided by the antenna temperature (or system temperature if a receiver is specified). This parameter is written as G/T, and has units of dB·K −1. G/T Calculation. G/T is the figure of merit for a ...
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This closed-loop gain is of the same form as the open-loop gain: a one-pole filter. Its step response is of the same form: an exponential decay toward the new equilibrium value. But the time constant of the closed-loop step function is τ / (1 + β A 0 ), so it is faster than the forward amplifier's response by a factor of 1 + β A 0 :
In a spread-spectrum system, the process gain (or "processing gain") is the ratio of the spread (or RF) bandwidth to the unspread (or baseband) bandwidth. Research suggests that it is one of the important factors in making decisions over the performance of system in jamming environment.