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  2. Khazar hypothesis of Ashkenazi ancestry - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khazar_hypothesis_of...

    This page is subject to the extended confirmed restriction related to the Arab-Israeli conflict. Khazar Khaganate, 650–850 The Khazar hypothesis of Ashkenazi ancestry, often called the Khazar myth by its critics, is a largely abandoned historical hypothesis that postulated that Ashkenazi Jews were primarily, or to a large extent, descended from Khazar converts to Judaism. The Khazars were a ...

  3. The Thirteenth Tribe - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Thirteenth_Tribe

    The Thirteenth Tribe is a 1976 book by Arthur Koestler [1] advocating the Khazar hypothesis of Ashkenazi ancestry, the thesis that Ashkenazi Jews are not descended from the historical Judeans and Israelites of antiquity, but from Khazars, a Turkic people who allegedly mass-converted to Judaism. Koestler hypothesized that the Khazars after their ...

  4. Khazars - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khazars

    The late 19th century saw the emergence of a theory that the core of today's Ashkenazi Jews are descended from a hypothetical Khazarian Jewish diaspora that migrated westward from modern-day Russia and Ukraine into modern-day France and Germany. Linguistic and genetic studies have not supported the theory of a Khazar connection to Ashkenazi ...

  5. Genetic studies of Jews - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_studies_of_Jews

    A study conducted in 2013 by Behar et al. found no evidence of a Khazar origin for Ashkenazi Jews and stated that this lack of evidence "corroborates earlier results that Ashkenazi Jews derive their ancestry primarily from populations of the Middle East and Europe, that they possess considerable shared ancestry with other Jewish populations ...

  6. Racial conceptions of Jewish identity in Zionism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_conceptions_of...

    [j] When Arthur Koestler's The Thirteenth Tribe (1976) propounded the thesis that the origins of the Ashkenazi might be found in the dispersion of the Turkic Khazars, the book encountered a mixed reception within the Jewish American community, which was increasingly adopting Zionism narratives during this time period, and a hostile reception ...

  7. Human communication - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_communication

    Human communication can be defined as any Shared Symbolic Interaction. [6]Shared, because each communication process also requires a system of signification (the Code) as its necessary condition, and if the encoding is not known to all those who are involved in the communication process, there is no understanding and therefore fails the same notification.

  8. Gregory Cochran - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_Cochran

    Gregory M. Cochran (born 1953) is an American anthropologist and author who argues that cultural innovation resulted in new and constantly shifting selection pressures for genetic change, thereby accelerating human evolution and divergence between human races. [1]

  9. Paul Wexler (linguist) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wexler_(linguist)

    the Khazar Empire and its Turkic minority population probably did not play a major role in the ethno-linguistic genesis of Yiddish and the Ashkenazic Jews ... the Khazar Empire did emerge as a central venue for the creation of several Jewish languages (including Yiddish and its forebears) and for the conversion of many non-Turkic non-Jews to ...