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  2. Melanin - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanin

    Up until the 1960s, melanin was classified into eumelanin and pheomelanin. However, in 1955, a melanin associated with nerve cells was discovered, neuromelanin. In 1972 a water-soluble form, pyomelanin was discovered. In 1976, allomelanin, the fifth form of the melanins was found in nature. [2]

  3. Melanocyte - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanocyte

    There are also differences in the quantity and relative amounts of eumelanin and pheomelanin. [13] Pigmentation including tanning is under hormonal control, including the MSH and ACTH peptides that are produced from the precursor proopiomelanocortin. Vitiligo is a skin disease where people lack melanin in certain areas in the skin.

  4. Human hair color - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_hair_color

    Pheomelanin colors hair orange and red. Eumelanin, which has two subtypes of black or brown, determines the darkness of the hair color; [4] more black eumelanin leads to blacker hair and more brown eumelanin to browner hair. [6] All human hair has some amount of both pigments. [9] Over 95% of melanin content in black and brown hair is eumelanin ...

  5. Human skin color - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_skin_color

    The melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) gene is primarily responsible for determining whether pheomelanin and eumelanin are produced in the human body. Research shows at least 10 differences in MC1R between African and chimpanzee samples and that the gene has probably undergone a strong positive selection (a selective sweep ) in early Hominins ...

  6. Light skin - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_skin

    The gene variation's primary effect is to promote eumelanin synthesis at the expense of pheomelanin synthesis, although this contributes to very little variation in skin reflectance between different ethnic groups. [92] Melanocytes from light skin cells cocultured with keratinocytes give rise to a distribution pattern characteristic of light ...

  7. Near-infrared window in biological tissue - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near-infrared_window_in...

    The absorption spectrum of water in the range from 250 to 1000 nm is shown in Figure 2. Although absorption is rather low in this spectral range, it still contributes to the overall attenuation of tissue. Figure 3: The molar extinction coefficients of eumelanin and pheomelanin. [5]

  8. Red Dye 3 Just Got Banned. These Are the Foods to Avoid If ...

    www.aol.com/red-dye-3-just-got-134800003.html

    The FDA determined that the data presented in a 2022 color additive petition show that this ingredient causes cancer in male laboratory rats exposed to high levels of FD&C Red No. 3 because of a ...

  9. Agouti-signaling protein - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agouti-signaling_protein

    Agouti-signaling protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ASIP gene. [5] [6] It is responsible for the distribution of melanin pigment in mammals.[7] [8] Agouti interacts with the melanocortin 1 receptor to determine whether the melanocyte (pigment cell) produces phaeomelanin (a red to yellow pigment), or eumelanin (a brown to black pigment). [9]