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The Radio Resource Control (RRC) protocol is used in UMTS, LTE and 5G on the Air interface. It is a layer 3 (Network Layer) protocol used between UE and Base Station. This protocol is specified by 3GPP in TS 25.331 [2] for UMTS, in TS 36.331 [3] for LTE and in TS 38.331 [4] for 5G New Radio. RRC messages are transported via the PDCP-Protocol.
The Radio Network Controller (RNC) is a governing element in the UMTS radio access network and is responsible for controlling the Node Bs that are connected to it. The RNC carries out radio resource management, some of the mobility management functions and is the point where encryption is done before user data is sent to and from the mobile.
Checkpoint/Restore In Userspace (CRIU) (pronounced kree-oo, /kriu/), is a software tool for the Linux operating system. Using this tool, it is possible to freeze a running application (or part of it) and checkpoint it to persistent storage as a collection of files. One can then use the files to restore and run the application from the point it ...
PDCP provides its services to the RRC and user plane upper layers, e.g. IP at the UE or to the relay at the base station. The following services are provided by PDCP to upper layers: transfer of user plane data; transfer of control plane data; header compression; ciphering; integrity protection.
Dynamic RRM schemes adaptively adjust the radio network parameters to the traffic load, user positions, user mobility, quality of service requirements, base station density, etc. Dynamic RRM schemes are considered in the design of wireless systems, in view to minimize expensive manual cell planning and achieve "tighter" frequency reuse patterns, resulting in improved system spectral efficiency.
The UE will send RRC measurement reports that include RSRP values in a binned format. The reporting range of RSRP is defined from −140 to −44 dBm with 1 dB resolution. The main purpose of RSRP is to determine the best cell on the DL radio interface and select this cell as the serving cell for either initial random access or intra-LTE handover.
Ethernet is the primary network protocol in data centers for computer-to-computer communications. However, Ethernet is designed to be a best-effort network that may experience packet loss when the network or devices are busy.
Carries paging procedure data (for sleep mode) used by network to establish connection to UE. Always transmitted over entire cell. DL 4.1.2.3 [5] 2_TRANSPORT RACH: random access channel Used to gain access to the system when first attaching to it (can also carry packet data). Makes up the RACH/FACH pair. Always received from entire cell.