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Illustration of how the buildup of lipids cause a blockage of blood flow to the portion of the artery below the narrowing. Peripheral arterial disease is considered to be a set of chronic or acute syndromes, generally derived from the presence of occlusive arterial disease, which causes inadequate blood flow to the limbs. [51] [52]
Discoloration of the hands, one hand colder than the other hand, weakness of the hand and arm muscles, and tingling are commonly present. [citation needed] Only 1% of people with carpal tunnel syndrome have concomitant TOS. [7] Repetitive motions can cause enlargement of muscles which causes compression of veins.
The most common cause of compartment syndrome in children is traumatic injury. [77] In children <10 years of age, the cause is usually vascular injury or infection. [78] In children >14 years of age, the cause is usually due to trauma or surgical positioning. [78] Treatment for compartment syndrome in children is the same as adults. [72]
Three main changes are seen in the mechanism of Raynaud's phenomenon which are reduced blood flow, blood vessel constriction, and neurogenic, inflammatory, and immune responses. It is induced by mental stress and a cold atmosphere. In all cases, the primary cause is an underlying hyperactivation of the sympathetic nervous system. [19]
There is a recurrent acute and chronic inflammation and thrombosis of arteries and veins of the hands and feet. The main symptom is pain in the affected areas, at rest and while walking (claudication). [1] The impaired circulation increases sensitivity to cold. Peripheral pulses are diminished or absent. There are color changes in the extremities.
It is also caused by fractures of the forearm bones if they cause bleeding from the major blood vessels of the forearm. [ citation needed ] The condition may be caused by obstruction on the brachial artery near the elbow, possibly from improper use of a tourniquet , improper use of a plaster cast , or compartment syndrome .
In the modified Allen test, one hand is examined at a time: [2] The patient is asked to clench their fist for about 30 seconds. Pressure is applied over the ulnar and the radial arteries so as to occlude both of them. Still elevated, the hand is then opened. It should appear blanched (pallor may be observed at the finger nails).
Gangrene toes in a diabetic. Gangrene is a type of tissue death caused by a lack of blood supply. [4] The feet and hands are most commonly affected. [1] If the gangrene is caused by an infectious agent, it may present with a fever or sepsis.
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