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Figure 2: Small-signal model for calculating various parameters; Thévenin voltage source as signal. For the case when the common-base circuit is used as a voltage amplifier, the circuit is shown in Figure 2. The output resistance is large, at least R C || r O, the value which arises with low source impedance (R S ≪ r E).
A ground connection that is missing or of inadequate capacity may not provide the protective functions as intended during a fault in the connected equipment. Extra connections between ground and circuit neutral may result in circulating current in the ground path, stray current introduced in the earth or in a structure, and stray voltage.
The pair of conductors can be wires in a twisted-pair or ribbon cable or traces on a printed circuit board. Electrically, the two conductors carry voltage signals which are equal in magnitude, but of opposite polarity. The receiving circuit responds to the difference between the two signals, which results in a signal with a magnitude twice as ...
Long-distance electromagnetic telegraph systems from 1820 onwards [a] used two or more wires to carry the signal and return currents. It was discovered by German scientist C.A. von Steinheil in 1836–1837, that the ground could be used as the return path to complete the circuit, making the return wire unnecessary. [2]
T1 and R1: the ground and battery of the transmitter voice pair; 4-wire E&M uses a 4-wire (2-pair) transmission path for the voice signal. 2-wire E&M uses a single pair for both transmit and receive voice signal. This is much inferior to 4-wire E&M as the 2-wire interface uses hybrid transformers which reduce signal quality and can introduce echo.
Circuit 1 (left) and circuit 2 (right) share a common path to ground of resistance . Ideally, this ground conductor would have no resistance ( R G = 0 {\displaystyle \scriptstyle R_{G}=0} ), yielding no voltage drop across it ( V G = 0 {\displaystyle \scriptstyle V_{G}=0} ), keeping the connection point between the circuits at a constant ground ...
One wire carries a varying voltage that represents the signal, while the other wire is connected to a reference voltage, usually ground. The main alternative to single-ended signaling is called differential signaling where the two conductors carry signals equal in magnitude but of opposite electric polarity .
A signal transmitted over a balanced line. The signal is kept intact while the noise (which appears as a common-mode signal at the receiving end) is rejected perfectly.. In telecommunications and professional audio, a balanced line or balanced signal pair is an electrical circuit consisting of two conductors of the same type, both of which have equal impedances along their lengths, to ground ...