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Furthermore, on a modern x86 system, BIOS calls can only be performed in Real mode, or Virtual 8086 mode. v8086 is not an option in Long mode. This means that a modern operating system, which operates in Protected mode (32 bit), or Long mode (64 bit), would need to switch into real mode and back to call the BIOS - a hugely expensive operation.
The reset vector is a pointer or address, where the CPU should always begin as soon as it is able to execute instructions. The address is in a section of non-volatile memory (such as BIOS or Boot ROM ) initialized to contain instructions to start the operation of the CPU, as the first step in the process of booting the system containing the CPU.
When an interrupt occurs, the processor multiplies the interrupt vector by the entry size (8 for protected mode, 16 for long mode) and adds the result to the IDT base address. [4] If the address is inside the table, the DPL is checked and the interrupt is handled based on the gate type.
The Message Passing Interface (MPI) is a portable message-passing standard designed to function on parallel computing architectures. [1] The MPI standard defines the syntax and semantics of library routines that are useful to a wide range of users writing portable message-passing programs in C, C++, and Fortran.
Capability Hardware Enhanced RISC Instructions (CHERI) is a computer processor technology designed to improve security.CHERI aims to address the root cause of the problems that are caused by a lack of memory safety in common implementations of languages such as C/C++, which are responsible for around 70% of security vulnerabilities in modern systems.
Permute instructions occur in both scalar processors as well as vector processing engines as well as GPUs.In vector instruction sets they are typically named "Register Gather/Scatter" operations such as in RISC-V vectors, [2] and take Vectors as input for both source elements and source array, and output another Vector.
The C programming language provides many standard library functions for file input and output.These functions make up the bulk of the C standard library header <stdio.h>. [1] The functionality descends from a "portable I/O package" written by Mike Lesk at Bell Labs in the early 1970s, [2] and officially became part of the Unix operating system in Version 7.
A Trace Vector Decoder (TVD) is computer software that uses the trace facility of its underlying microprocessor to decode encrypted instruction opcodes just-in-time prior to execution and possibly re-encode them afterwards.