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The Early History of God: Yahweh and Other Deities in Ancient Israel [1] is a book on the history of ancient Israelite religion by Mark S. Smith, Skirball Professor of Bible and Ancient Near Eastern Studies at New York University. The revised 2002 edition contains revisions to the original 1990 edition in light of intervening archaeological ...
The early supporters of this faction are widely regarded as monolatrists rather than monotheists; [28] believing Yahweh was the only god worthy of Israelite worship, not that Yahweh was the only god in existence—a noticeable departure from the traditional beliefs of the Israelites nonetheless. [29]
The God on the Winged Wheel coin, minted in Gaza City, southern Philistia, during the Persian period of the 4th century BCE. It possibly represents Yahweh enthroned on a winged wheel, although this identification is disputed among scholars. Deities of the ancient Near East Ancient Egyptian Amun Anubis Apis Atum Buchis Geb Horus Isis Montu Nephthys Nut Osiris Ptah Qetesh Ra Set Shu Tefnut Thoth ...
The major deities were not numerous – El, Asherah, and Yahweh, with Baal as a fourth god, and perhaps Shamash (the sun) in the early period. [99] At an early stage El and Yahweh became fused and Asherah did not continue as a separate state cult, [99] although she continued to be popular at a community level until Persian times. [100]
The Mesha Stele bears the earliest known reference (840 BCE) to the Israelite god Yahweh. [16]Judaism, the oldest Abrahamic religion, is based on a strict, exclusive monotheism, [4] [17] finding its origins in the sole veneration of Yahweh, [4] [18] [19] [20] the predecessor to the Abrahamic conception of God.
This conception of God was more popular among ancient Near Easterners but eventually, the Israelites removed the association of yahwi-to any human ancestor and combined it with other elements (e.g. Yahweh ṣəḇāʾōṯ). [25] Hillel Ben-Sasson states there is insufficient evidence for Amorites using yahwi-to refer to a god.
Israel and Judah, like other Canaanite kingdoms, originally had a full pantheon of gods. [47] The chief of the old Canaanite pantheon was the god El, but over time Yahweh replaced him as the national god and the two merged. [47] The remaining gods were now subject to Yahweh: "Who in the sky is comparable to Yahweh, like Yahweh among the divine ...
The Kenite hypothesis, or Midianite–Kenite hypothesis, is a hypothesis about the origins of the cult of Yahweh. As a form of Biblical source criticism, it posits that Yahweh was originally a Kenite (i.e., Midianite) god whose cult made its way northward to the proto-Israelites. The hypothesis first came into prominence in the late nineteenth ...