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Shock is the state of insufficient blood flow to the tissues of the body as a result of problems with the circulatory system. Initial symptoms of shock may include weakness, tachycardia, hyperventilation, sweating, anxiety, and increased thirst. [1] This may be followed by confusion, unconsciousness, or cardiac arrest, as complications worsen. [1]
The annual incidence of shock of any etiology is 0.3 to 0.7 per 1000, with hemorrhagic shock being most common in the intensive care unit. Hypovolemic shock is the most common type of shock in children, most commonly due to diarrheal illness in the developing world. [4]
Internal bleeding (also called internal haemorrhage) is a loss of blood from a blood vessel that collects inside the body, and is not usually visible from the outside. [1] It can be a serious medical emergency but the extent of severity depends on bleeding rate and location of the bleeding (e.g. head, torso, extremities).
Untreated hypovolemia or excessive and rapid losses of volume may lead to hypovolemic shock. [7] Signs and symptoms of hypovolemic shock include increased heart rate, low blood pressure, pale or cold skin, and altered mental status. When these signs are seen, immediate action should be taken to restore the lost volume.
Tubercular invasion of the adrenal glands could cause hemorrhagic destruction of the glands and cause mineralocorticoid deficiency [citation needed]. Staphylococcus aureus has recently also been implicated in pediatric WFS. [5] It can also be associated with Haemophilus influenzae. [6] [7]
Other signs and symptoms include feeling tired, dizziness, and pale skin color. [18] A number of foods and medications can turn the stool either red or black in the absence of bleeding. [2] Bismuth found in many antacids may turn stools black as may activated charcoal. [2]
The non-specific signs and symptoms in prominent underlying diseases often prevent prompt recognition and proper treatment of the condition, which may result in adrenal crisis, shock, and death. [5] Although the mortality rate varies with the severity of the underlying inductive disease, adrenal hemorrhage is related to 15% of the deaths. [5]
A hemorrhagic infarct is determined when hemorrhage is present around an area of infarction. Simply stated, an infarction is an area of dead tissue or necrosis. [1] When blood escapes outside of the vessel (extravasation) and re-perfuses back into the tissue surrounding the infarction, the infarction is then termed a hemorrhagic infarct (infarction). [1]