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The simplest definition for a potential gradient F in one dimension is the following: [1] = = where ϕ(x) is some type of scalar potential and x is displacement (not distance) in the x direction, the subscripts label two different positions x 1, x 2, and potentials at those points, ϕ 1 = ϕ(x 1), ϕ 2 = ϕ(x 2).
Absolute partial pressure 101.325 kPa (1.00000 atm; 1.01325 bar) for each gaseous reagent — the convention in most literature data but not the current standard state (100 kPa). Variations from these ideal conditions affect measured voltage via the Nernst equation.
Each bar can also have a comment, such as "comment7=xx" to show "(xx)" after the number in bar 7. For a 2-column bar chart, the 2nd column items have prefix "col2_" such as scale maximum, col2_data_max=110, and col2_data3=67 with col2_comment3=zz. See below: "Example with two data columns". Each bar chart can be formatted typically within 1/5 ...
Potential flow describes the velocity field as the gradient of a scalar function: the velocity potential. As a result, a potential flow is characterized by an irrotational velocity field , which is a valid approximation for several applications.
The vertical axis of the band diagram represents the energy of an electron, which includes both kinetic and potential energy. The horizontal axis represents position, often not being drawn to scale. Note that the Heisenberg uncertainty principle prevents the band diagram from being drawn with a high positional resolution, since the band diagram ...
In electrochemistry, the electrochemical potential of electrons (or any other species) is the total potential, including both the (internal, nonelectrical) chemical potential and the electric potential, and is by definition constant across a device in equilibrium, whereas the chemical potential of electrons is equal to the electrochemical ...
For convenience it is often defined as the negative of the potential energy per unit mass, so that the gravity vector is obtained as the gradient of the geopotential, without the negation. In addition to the actual potential (the geopotential), a theoretical normal potential and their difference, the disturbing potential, can also be defined.
in which ϕ is the electric potential, and A is the magnetic potential (a vector potential). The unit of A α is V·s·m −1 in SI, and Mx·cm −1 in Gaussian-CGS. The electric and magnetic fields associated with these four-potentials are: [3]