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A jump from the lowest semitone to the highest semitone in one octave doubles the frequency (for example, the fifth A is 440 Hz and the sixth A is 880 Hz). The frequency of a pitch is derived by multiplying (ascending) or dividing (descending) the frequency of the previous pitch by the twelfth root of two (approximately 1.059463).
A440 (also known as Stuttgart pitch [1]) is the musical pitch corresponding to an audio frequency of 440 Hz, which serves as a tuning standard for the musical note of A above middle C, or A 4 in scientific pitch notation. It is standardized by the International Organization for Standardization as ISO 16.
Numbers that represent the frequency in hertz (Hz), the number of cycles per second For example, one might refer to the A above middle C as a′ , A 4 , or 440 Hz . In standard Western equal temperament , the notion of pitch is insensitive to "spelling": the description "G 4 double sharp" refers to the same pitch as A 4 ; in other temperaments ...
Not only is 440 Hz the standard central pitch for MIDI, it is also widely used as the "concert A " standard pitch (A 4 e.g. USA, UK), and since that is represented in MIDI signals by the integer 69 (nine semitones above middle C (C 4, c′), which is 60 decimal or 0x3C hexadecimal), this gives a real number which expresses pitch in a manner ...
For example, a just perfect fifth (for example C to G) is 3:2 (Play ⓘ), 1.5, and may be approximated by an equal tempered perfect fifth (Play ⓘ) which is 2 7/12 (about 1.498). If the A above middle C is 440 Hz , the perfect fifth above it would be E , at (440*1.5=) 660 Hz, while the equal tempered E5 is 659.255 Hz.
The reference point between this scale and normal frequency measurement is defined by assigning a perceptual pitch of 1000 mels to a 1000 Hz tone, 40 dB above the listener's threshold. Above about 500 Hz, increasingly large intervals are judged by listeners to produce equal pitch increments.
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For standard A440 pitch equal temperament, the system begins at a frequency of 16.35160 Hz, which is assigned the value C 0. The octave 0 of the scientific pitch notation is traditionally called the sub-contra octave , and the tone marked C 0 in SPN is written as ,,C or C,, or CCC in traditional systems, such as Helmholtz notation .
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