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The word alchemy was derived from the Arabic word كيمياء or kīmiyāʾ [1] [2] and may ultimately derive from the ancient Egyptian word kemi, meaning black. [2] After the fall of the Western Roman Empire and the Islamic conquest of Roman Egypt, the focus of alchemical development moved to the Caliphate and the Islamic civilization.
Greek alchemy was preserved in medieval Byzantine manuscripts after the fall of Egypt, and yet historians have only relatively recently begun to pay attention to the study and development of Greek alchemy in the Byzantine period. [42]
It was the protoscientific, exoteric aspects of alchemy that contributed heavily to the evolution of chemistry in Greco-Roman Egypt, in the Islamic Golden Age, and then in Europe. Alchemy and chemistry share an interest in the composition and properties of matter, and until the 18th century they were not separate disciplines.
The development of archaeology has its roots in history and with those who were interested in the past, such as kings and queens who wanted to show past glories of their respective nations. The 5th-century-BCE Greek historian Herodotus was the first scholar to systematically study the past and perhaps the first to examine artifacts.
Ali bin Mahammad Aydamir or ʿIzz al-Dīn al-Jildakī (Egyptian Arabic: عز الدين الجلدكي; Coptic: Ⲉⲍ ⲉⲗⲇⲓⲛ ⲉⲗϫⲗⲇⲕⲓ), also written al-Jaldakī (d. 1342 CE / 743 AH) was an Egyptian [1] alchemist from the 14th century Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt. A scientist and author who specialized in chemistry and lived ...
He was born in Panopolis (present day Akhmim, in the south of Roman Egypt), and likely flourished ca. 300. [2] He wrote the oldest known books on alchemy, which he called "Cheirokmeta," using the Greek word for "things made by hand." Pieces of this work survive in the original Greek language and in translations into Syriac or Arabic.
(Biblical interpretation, the architecture of the Jewish Temple, ancient history, alchemy and the Apocalypse). "The Chymistry of Isaac Newton: original manuscripts of alchemy". dlib.indiana.edu. Newton wrote and transcribed about a million words on the subject of alchemy "Catalogue of Newton's Alchemical Papers". newtonproject.sussex.ac.uk.
Moses of Alexandria, often known simply as Moses or Moses the Alchemist, was an early alchemist who wrote Greek alchemical texts around the first or second century. He has also been called "Moses the thrice happy". [1]