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About 87,000 soldiers from British India (which includes modern India, Pakistan and Bangladesh) died in World War II. Millions of civilians also died due to famines. Islamic scholars debated over whether it was possible for the proposed Pakistan to truly become an Islamic state. [167] [168]
The prevailing religions of the British Indian Empire based on the Census of India, 1901. The partition of India in 1947 was the division of British India [a] into two independent dominion states, the Union of India and Dominion of Pakistan. [3]
Suzerainty over 175 princely states, some of the largest and most important, was exercised (in the name of the British Crown) by the central government of British India under the viceroy; the remaining approximately 500 states were dependents of the provincial governments of British India under a governor, lieutenant-governor, or chief ...
The British Raj was the period of British Parliament rule on the Indian subcontinent between 1858 and 1947, for around 89 years of British occupation. The system of governance was instituted in 1858 when the rule of the East India Company was transferred to the Crown in the person of Queen Victoria .
The British left a large network of railways, roads, as well as the telephone and telegraph system. [citation needed] The first railway line in the modern-day Pakistan was constructed in 1858 in Karachi. A line between Karachi City and Kotri opened in 1861. [7] The railway network built by the British remains intact today. [8]
The borders drawn by the British to broadly partition India into Hindu and Muslim areas left tens of millions as minorities in the newly independent states of India and Pakistan. [202] The princely states were provided with a choice to either remain independent or join India or Pakistan. [ 203 ]
The Dominion of Pakistan, officially Pakistan, [3] was an independent federal dominion in the British Commonwealth of Nations, which existed from 14 August 1947 to 23 March 1956. It was created by the passing of the Indian Independence Act 1947 by the British parliament, which also created an independent Dominion of India.
Around 6.5 million Muslims moved from India to West Pakistan and 4.7 million Hindus and Sikhs moved from West Pakistan to India. [107] It was the largest mass migration in human history. [108] A subsequent dispute over the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir eventually sparked the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948. [109]