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Both cells later produce one or two neural cells (N). A progenitor cell is a biological cell that can differentiate into a specific cell type. Stem cells and progenitor cells have this ability in common. However, stem cells are less specified than progenitor cells. Progenitor cells can only differentiate into their "target" cell type. [1]
They are tripotent cells which can give rise to neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. An oligodendroglial progenitor cell, for example, gives rise to oligodendrocytes until its mitotic capacity is exhausted. [17] Some neural progenitor markers are capable of tracking cells as they undergo expansion and differentiation from rosettes to neurons.
Proneural genes in neurogenesis and gliogenesis pathway - Neural stem cells have the potential to generate all neural cell types, such as neuron (neuronal progenitor), astrocytes and oligodendrocytes (glial progenitors). The proneural gene expression is induced by neurogenic signals and results in the activation of neuronal-differentiation ...
Neural stem cells differentiating to astrocytes (green) and sites of growth hormone receptor shown in red. There are two basic types of stem cell: adult stem cells, which are limited in their ability to differentiate, and embryonic stem cells (ESCs), which are pluripotent and have the capability of differentiating into any cell type.
Pluripotent stem cells undergo further specialization into multipotent progenitor cells that then give rise to functional cells. Examples of stem and progenitor cells include: [citation needed] Radial glial cells (embryonic neural stem cells) that give rise to excitatory neurons in the fetal brain through the process of neurogenesis. [11] [12] [13]
Neural stem cells, which only divide symmetrically to produce more neural stem cells, transition gradually into radial glial cells. [5] Radial glial cells, also called radial glial progenitor cells, divide asymmetrically to produce a neuroblast and another radial glial cell that will re-enter the cell cycle. [5] [3]
HDAC inhibitors (HDACi), such as valproic acid (VPA) and trichostatin A can promote proliferation of adult neurogenesis through the inhibition of HDAC activity, inducing differentiation of adult progenitor cells. [12] Neural-expressed HDACs interact with Tlx, an essential neural stem cell regulator, to suppress TLX target genes.
Some intermediate progenitor cells migrate via the rostral migratory stream to the olfactory bulb and differentiate further. Overall, IPCs are crucial to both adult and embryonic neural development, but the research explaining the mechanisms for their symmetric division is still limited. [2]
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