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A haplotype is a group of alleles in an organism that are inherited together from a single parent, [1] [2] and a haplogroup (haploid from the Greek: ἁπλοῦς, haploûs, "onefold, simple" and English: group) is a group of similar haplotypes that share a common ancestor with a single-nucleotide polymorphism mutation. [3]
In sociological terms, groups can fundamentally be distinguished from one another by the extent to which their nature influence individuals and how. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] A primary group , for instance, is a small social group whose members share close, personal, enduring relationships with one another (e.g. family, childhood friend).
Haplogroup H is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. The clade is believed to have originated in West Asia , near present day Syria, [ 1 ] around 20,000 to 25,000 years ago. Mitochondrial haplogroup H is today predominantly found in Europe, and is believed to have evolved before the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM).
Haplogroup X is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. It is found in North America, Europe, Western Asia, North Africa, and the Horn of Africa. A mtDNA-based map of major human migrations. Haplogroup X diverged from haplogroup N roughly 30,000 years ago (just prior to or during the Last Glacial Maximum).
An organism's genotype may not define its haplotype uniquely. For example, consider a diploid organism and two bi-allelic loci (such as SNPs) on the same chromosome.Assume the first locus has alleles A or T and the second locus G or C.
In human genetics, a human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup is a haplogroup defined by differences in human mitochondrial DNA. Haplogroups are used to represent the major branch points on the mitochondrial phylogenetic tree.
A new study explains how mitochondria act as “reservoirs” to store NAD for cells to use, which could help scientists come up with NAD-boosting therapies to combat aging and age-related diseases.
Sociobiology is a field of biology that aims to explain social behavior in terms of evolution.It draws from disciplines including psychology, ethology, anthropology, evolution, zoology, archaeology, and population genetics.