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Louis-Alexandre Berthier, prince de Neuchâtel et Valangin, prince de Wagram (French: [lwi alɛksɑ̃dʁ bɛʁtje]; 20 November 1753 – 1 June 1815) was a French military commander who served during the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars.
Under the treaty Russia agreed to support France if it was attacked by Austria. [37] In early 1809, Austrian minister Johann Philipp Stadion secured Russian tsar Alexander I's agreement that the Russians would move slowly and "avoid every collision and every act of hostility" during any advance into Austria. [38]
The initial Russian position, which stretched south of the new Smolensk Highway (Napoleon's expected route of advance), was anchored on its left by a pentagonal earthwork redoubt erected on a mound near the village of Shevardino. Kutuzov stated that the fortification was manned simply to delay the advance of the French forces. [2] [3]
The Battle of Borodino (Russian: Бopoди́нcкoe cpaже́ниe, romanized: Borodínskoye srazhéniye Russian pronunciation: [bərədʲɪˈno]) or Battle of Moscow (French: bataille de la Moskova), in popular literature also known as the Battle of the Generals, [19] took place near the village of Borodino on 7 September [O.S. 26 August] 1812 [20] during Napoleon's invasion of Russia.
For the plan, some generals proposed their respective plans, but one, that of the Russian general Toll, fit precisely what Tsar Alexander I had in mind: attack Paris head-on with the main Coalition army while Napoleon was redirected as far away from the city as possible. The Tsar intended to ride out to meet the Prussian king and Schwarzenberg.
On the Russian side, Bennigsen was suffering from sudden fever and had difficulty remaining in command. Andrey I. Gorchakov, on Grand Duke Constantine 's orders, due to the illness of сommander-in-сhief Bennigsen, took over general command for the rest of the day in the final hours of the battle, [ 14 ] bringing it to a tactical draw.
Alexander faced pressure from his brother, Duke Constantine, to make peace with Napoleon. Given the victory he had just achieved, the French emperor offered the Russians relatively lenient terms–demanding that Russia join the Continental System, withdraw its forces from Wallachia and Moldavia, and hand over the Ionian Islands to France. [31]
The Battle of Eylau, or Battle of Preussisch-Eylau, was a bloody and strategically inconclusive battle on 7 and 8 February 1807 between Napoleon's Grande Armée and the Imperial Russian Army under the command of General Levin August von Bennigsen near the town of Preussisch Eylau in East Prussia. [13]