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CSF alb = 30. CSF glu = 60. CSF/S alb = 7.5. CSF/S glu = 0.6. The Alveolar–arterial gradient (A- aO. 2, [1] or A–a gradient), is a measure of the difference between the alveolar concentration (A) of oxygen and the arterial (a) concentration of oxygen. It is a useful parameter for narrowing the differential diagnosis of hypoxemia.
A 1 mmHg change in PaCO 2 above or below 40 mmHg results in 0.008 unit change in pH in the opposite direction. [11] The PaCO 2 will decrease by about 1 mmHg for every 1 mEq/L reduction in [HCO − 3] below 24 mEq/L; A change in [HCO − 3] of 10 mEq/L will result in a change in pH of approximately 0.15 pH units in the same direction.
pCO2, pCO2, or is the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (CO 2), often used in reference to blood but also used in meteorology, climate science, oceanography, and limnology to describe the fractional pressure of CO 2 as a function of its concentration in gas or dissolved phases. The units of p CO 2 are mmHg, atm, torr, Pa, or any other standard ...
Respiratory failure is classified as either Type 1 or Type 2, based on whether there is a high carbon dioxide level, and can be acute or chronic. In clinical trials, the definition of respiratory failure usually includes increased respiratory rate , abnormal blood gases (hypoxemia, hypercapnia, or both), and evidence of increased work of breathing.
Respiratory acidosis is a state in which decreased ventilation (hypoventilation) increases the concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood and decreases the blood's pH (a condition generally called acidosis). Carbon dioxide is produced continuously as the body's cells respire, and this CO2 will accumulate rapidly if the lungs do not adequately ...
The alveolar gas equation is the method for calculating partial pressure of alveolar oxygen (pAO2). The equation is used in assessing if the lungs are properly transferring oxygen into the blood. The alveolar air equation is not widely used in clinical medicine, probably because of the complicated appearance of its classic forms.
Ventilation–perfusion coupling is the relationship between ventilation and perfusion processes, which take place in the respiratory system and the cardiovascular system. [1] Ventilation is the movement of gas during breathing, and perfusion is the process of pulmonary blood circulation, which delivers oxygen to body tissues. [2]
e. Dead space is the volume of air that is inhaled that does not take part in the gas exchange, because it either remains in the conducting airways or reaches alveoli that are not perfused or poorly perfused. It means that not all the air in each breath is available for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.