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The Black Codes, sometimes called the Black Laws, were laws which governed the conduct of African Americans (both free and freedmen).In 1832, James Kent wrote that "in most of the United States, there is a distinction in respect to political privileges, between free white persons and free colored persons of African blood; and in no part of the country do the latter, in point of fact ...
Land in Mississippi was river bottomland rich in organic matter— "the Mississippi and Yazoo, the Tombigbee, Big Black, and the Pearl covered an area of over one-sixth of the entire state and offered unrivalled soil" [5] —and this land was primarily used to grow the highly valuable cash crop cotton produced with the labor of hundreds of thousands of enslaved American laborers of African ...
Andrew Hawkins, a carpenter, [4] his wife Mary Lou Hawkins, and twenty other black residents of Shaw [5] filed a class-action lawsuit against the mayor and aldermen of Shaw under 42 U.S. Code § 1983 ("Civil action for deprivation of rights"), a statute introduced by the Second Enforcement Act of 1871 which offers legal relief for violation of ...
After Democrats regained power in the Mississippi legislature, they disenfranchised much of the majority-black electorate by raising barriers to voter registration. Lynch then studied law and was admitted to the Mississippi bar in 1896. Seeing the effects of disenfranchisement, Lynch left the state and returned to Washington, D.C. to practice law.
Within months of the bill's passage, 250,000 new black voters had been registered, one-third of them by federal examiners. Within four years, voter registration in the South had more than doubled. In 1965, Mississippi had the highest black voter turnout at 74% and led the nation in the number of black public officials elected.
In Mississippi, a free Negro could be sold into slavery after spending ten days in state. Arkansas passed a law in 1859 that would have enslaved every free black person still present by 1860; although it was not enforced, it succeeded in reducing Arkansas's population of free blacks to below that of any other slave state. [19]
Although freedmen had been emancipated, their lives were greatly restricted by the black codes. The term "Black Codes" was given by "negro leaders and the Republican organs", according to historian John S. Reynolds. [11] [12] [13] The defining feature of the Black Codes was broad vagrancy law, which allowed local authorities to arrest freed ...
The Negro in Mississippi is a book by Vernon Lane Wharton. Many editions were published. Carter G. Woodson reviewed the book in The Journal of Negro History. [1] In Susquehanna University professor William A. Russ Jr.'s review for The Journal of Southern History, he stated "This valuable and well-written book deserves to be read by all students of southern history and by all who are interested ...