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The muscle cross-sectional area (blue line in figure 1, also known as anatomical cross-section area, or ACSA) does not accurately represent the number of muscle fibers in the muscle. A better estimate is provided by the total area of the cross-sections perpendicular to the muscle fibers (green lines in figure 1).
The parallel muscle architecture is found in muscles where the fibers are parallel to the force-generating axis. [1] These muscles are often used for fast or extensive movements and can be measured by the anatomical cross-sectional area (ACSA). [3] Parallel muscles can be further defined into three main categories: strap, fusiform, or fan-shaped.
Involuntary extension of the "normal" leg occurs when flexing the contralateral leg against resistance. To perform the test, the examiner should hold one hand under the heel of the "normal" limb and ask the patient to flex the contralateral hip against resistance (while the patient is supine), asking the patient to keep the weak leg straight while raising it.
Tensiomyography (TMG) is a measuring method for detection of skeletal muscles' contractile properties. [1] Tensiomyography assesses muscle mechanical response based on radial muscle belly displacement induced by a single electrical stimulus. [2] It is performed using the TMG S2 system.
Measuring the slope angle of a tape or chain during distance measurement. Measuring the height of a building, tree, or other feature using a vertical angle and a distance (determined by taping or pacing), using trigonometry. Measuring the angle of drilling in well logging. Measuring the list of a ship in still water and the roll in rough water.
The radial inclination of a distal radius fracture is shown in red in image at right. The angle is measured between: [4] [5] A line drawn between the distal ends of the articular surface of the radius on an AP view of the wrist. A line that is perpendicular to the diaphysis of the radius. Radial inclination is normally 21-25°. [6]
The compound muscle action potential (CMAP) size is found using supramaximal stimulation of the motor nerve to the muscle or muscle group (similar to a nerve conduction study). It is recorded using surface electrodes. This is representative of the sum of the surface detected motor unit action potentials from muscles innervated by that nerve.
Electromyograph: An electromyograph measures muscle activation levels through the use of electrodes which are either placed on the muscle in the form of pads, or inserted into the muscle in the form of needles. It is able to measure muscle activation levels for isometric holds as well as for presses and pulls.