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Length contraction is the phenomenon that a moving object's length is measured to be shorter than its proper length, which is the length as measured in the object's own rest frame. [1] It is also known as Lorentz contraction or Lorentz–FitzGerald contraction (after Hendrik Lorentz and George Francis FitzGerald ) and is usually only noticeable ...
The so-called Length contraction without expansion perpendicularly to the line of motion and by the precise value = / (where l 0 is the length at rest in the aether) was given by Larmor in 1897 and by Lorentz in 1904. In the same year, Lorentz also argued that electrons themselves are also affected by this contraction.
The first edition of the book was published in 1960. Until the 10th edition, the author was Campbell R. McConnell, professor of economics at the University of Nebraska, Lincoln, and since the 11th edition, which was published in 1990, Stanley L. Brue, a professor of economics, has become a co-author. [1]
However, there are indirect confirmations; for example, the behavior of colliding heavy ions can be explained if their increased density due to Lorentz contraction is considered. Contraction also leads to an increase of the intensity of the Coulomb field perpendicular to the direction of motion, whose effects already have been observed ...
Transformation problem: The transformation problem is the problem specific to Marxist economics, and not to economics in general, of finding a general rule by which to transform the values of commodities based on socially necessary labour time into the competitive prices of the marketplace. The essential difficulty is how to reconcile profit in ...
However, they denied the idea that those stresses are caused by length contraction in S. This is because, in their opinion, length contraction has no "physical reality", but is merely the result of a Lorentz transformation, i.e. a rotation in four-dimensional space which by itself can never cause any stress at all. Thus the occurrence of such ...
1902 – Lord Rayleigh writes that Lorentz’s hypothesis of length contraction predicts a form of birefringence and tries to observe it. [14] The null result questions Lorentz’s model, but it would be later explained by a combination of length contraction and time dilation. 1902 – Max Abraham develops his classical model of the electron.
While length contraction was a real physical effect for Lorentz, he considered the time transformation only as a heuristic working hypothesis and a mathematical stipulation. In 1895, Lorentz further elaborated on his theory and introduced the "theorem of corresponding states".