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Durability is the ability of a physical product to remain functional, without requiring excessive maintenance or repair, when faced with the challenges of normal operation over its design lifetime. [ 1 ] : 5 There are several measures of durability in use, including years of life, hours of use, and number of operational cycles. [ 2 ]
To overcome the durability problem, durable good manufacturers must persuade consumers to replace functioning products with new ones or to pay them money in other ways. Replacement of functioning goods refers to business strategies that persuade or force consumers to purchase new products.
In economics, a durable good or a hard good or consumer durable is a good that does not quickly wear out or, more specifically, one that yields utility over time rather than being completely consumed in one use.
Bioeconomics (fisheries), the study of the dynamics of living resources using economic models; Bioeconomics (biophysical), the study of economic systems applying the laws of thermodynamics; Biological economics, the study of the relationship between human biology and economics; Bioeconomics, the social theory of Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen
Optimality modeling is the modeling aspect of optimization theory. It allows for the calculation and visualization of the costs and benefits that influence the outcome of a decision, and contributes to an understanding of adaptations. The approach based on optimality models in biology is sometimes called optimality theory. [1]
Economic methodology has gone from periodic reflections of economists on method to a distinct research field in economics since the 1970s. In one direction, it has expanded to the boundaries of philosophy , including the relation of economics to the philosophy of science and the theory of knowledge . [ 18 ]
To Taleb, "the theory of fragility directly leads to the Lindy effect," as he defines "fragility as sensitivity to disorder," and states that "time is equivalent to disorder, and resistance to the ravages of time, that is, what we gloriously call survival, is the ability to handle disorder."
Robbins develops and defends several propositions about the relation of scarcity to economics and of economic theory to science, including the following. [2] "Economics is the science which studies human behaviour as a relationship between ends and scarce means which have alternative uses." (1935, p. 15)