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Imidacloprid is one of the most widely used insecticide in the world. [4] [5] [6] Its major uses include: Seed treatment – Imidacloprid is a popular seed treatment insecticide in the world [8] Agriculture – Control of aphids, cane beetles, thrips, [16] stink bugs, locusts, and a variety of other insects that damage crops
The compound was first registered in 1974 in the United States, together with a United States patent of organophosphates for use in corn fields to deter corn rootworms. [ 11 ] [ 12 ] Between 1987 and 1996, an average of about 7.5 million pounds (about 3,400 tons) of the compound was used each year. [ 13 ]
A manual backpack-type sprayer Space treatment against mosquitoes using a thermal fogger Grubbs Vocational College students spraying Irish potatoes. Pesticide application is the practical way in which pesticides (including herbicides, fungicides, insecticides, or nematode control agents) are delivered to their biological targets (e.g. pest organism, crop or other plant).
Thiram was therefore developed as a seed treatment in the 1940s to extend the spectrum of diseases that could be controlled. [6] In 1949 ICI commercialised a seed treatment with trade name Mergamma A, containing 1% mercury and 20% lindane, an early example of a product designed to protect the seed from both fungal and insect attack. [7]
Thiamethoxam is a broad-spectrum, systemic insecticide, which means it is absorbed quickly by plants and transported to all of its parts, including pollen, where it acts to deter insect feeding. [ citation needed ] An insect can absorb it in its stomach after feeding, or through direct contact, including through its tracheal system.
In the US, it is the most commonly used organophosphate insecticide. [6] A malathion mixture with corn syrup was used in the 1980s in Australia and California to combat the Mediterranean fruit fly. [7] In Canada and the US starting in the early 2000s, malathion was sprayed in many cities to combat west Nile virus. [8]
Carbaryl is often inexpensively produced by direct reaction of methyl isocyanate with 1-naphthol. [5]C 10 H 7 OH + CH 3 NCO → C 10 H 7 OC(O)NHCH 3. Alternatively, 1-naphthol can be treated with excess phosgene to produce 1-naphthyl chloroformate, which is then converted to carbaryl by reaction with methylamine. [5]
Carbofuran is a carbamate insecticide, banned in the US, the EU and Canada but still widely used in South America, Australia and Asia. [6] It is a systemic insecticide, which means that the plant absorbs it through the roots, and from there the plant distributes it throughout its organs where insecticidal concentrations are attained.