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  2. Vector projection - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_projection

    The vector projection (also known as the vector component or vector resolution) of a vector a on (or onto) a nonzero vector b is the orthogonal projection of a onto a straight line parallel to b. The projection of a onto b is often written as proj b ⁡ a {\displaystyle \operatorname {proj} _{\mathbf {b} }\mathbf {a} } or a ∥ b .

  3. Divergence - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divergence

    Here, the upper index refers to the number of the coordinate or component, so x 2 refers to the second component, and not the quantity x squared. The index variable i is used to refer to an arbitrary component, such as x i. The divergence can then be written via the Voss-Weyl formula, [8] as:

  4. Vector calculus identities - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_calculus_identities

    The dotted vector, in this case B, is differentiated, while the (undotted) A is held constant. The utility of the Feynman subscript notation lies in its use in the derivation of vector and tensor derivative identities, as in the following example which uses the algebraic identity C⋅(A×B) = (C×A)⋅B:

  5. Vector fields in cylindrical and spherical coordinates

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_fields_in...

    ρ is the length of the vector projected onto the xy-plane, φ is the angle between the projection of the vector onto the xy-plane (i.e. ρ) and the positive x-axis (0 ≤ φ < 2π), z is the regular z-coordinate. (ρ, φ, z) is given in Cartesian coordinates by:

  6. Jacobian matrix and determinant - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobian_matrix_and...

    [a] This means that the function that maps y to f(x) + J(x) ⋅ (y – x) is the best linear approximation of f(y) for all points y close to x. The linear map h → J(x) ⋅ h is known as the derivative or the differential of f at x. When m = n, the Jacobian matrix is square, so its determinant is a well-defined function of x, known as the ...

  7. Tangential and normal components - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangential_and_normal...

    In mathematics, given a vector at a point on a curve, that vector can be decomposed uniquely as a sum of two vectors, one tangent to the curve, called the tangential component of the vector, and another one perpendicular to the curve, called the normal component of the vector. Similarly, a vector at a point on a surface can be broken down the ...

  8. Matrix calculus - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrix_calculus

    In vector calculus, the derivative of a vector function y with respect to a vector x whose components represent a space is known as the pushforward (or differential), or the Jacobian matrix. The pushforward along a vector function f with respect to vector v in R n is given by d f ( v ) = ∂ f ∂ v d v . {\displaystyle d\mathbf {f} (\mathbf {v ...

  9. Norm (mathematics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norm_(mathematics)

    In mathematics, a norm is a function from a real or complex vector space to the non-negative real numbers that behaves in certain ways like the distance from the origin: it commutes with scaling, obeys a form of the triangle inequality, and is zero only at the origin.