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Conventionally, a leukocytosis exceeding 50,000 WBC/mm 3 with a significant increase in early neutrophil precursors is referred to as a leukemoid reaction. [2] The peripheral blood smear may show myelocytes, metamyelocytes, promyelocytes, and rarely myeloblasts; however, there is a mixture of early mature neutrophil precursors, in contrast to the immature forms typically seen in acute leukemia.
Leukocytosis is a condition in which the white cell count is above the normal range in the blood. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] It is frequently a sign of an inflammatory response , [ 3 ] most commonly the result of infection , but may also occur following certain parasitic infections or bone tumors as well as leukemia .
Neutrophilia (also called neutrophil leukocytosis or occasionally neutrocytosis) is leukocytosis of neutrophils, that is, a high number of neutrophils in the blood. [1] Because neutrophils are the main type of granulocytes , mentions of granulocytosis often overlap in meaning with neutrophilia.
Reactive lymphocytes are usually associated with viral illnesses, but they can also be present as a result of drug reactions (such as phenytoin), immunizations, radiation, and hormonal causes (such as stress and Addison's disease), as well as some autoimmune disorders (such as rheumatoid arthritis). [7] Some pathogen-related causes include: [6]
Major types of leukocytosis and their mechanisms depend on the types of leukemia that cause them. White blood cell levels either rise in distinct white blood levels or in unison with others, a patient may have neutrophilia , lymphocytosis , monocytosis , eosinophilia , basophilia or a rise in immature blast cells .
Positive acute-phase proteins serve (as part of the innate immune system) different physiological functions within the immune system.Some act to destroy or inhibit growth of microbes, e.g., C-reactive protein, mannose-binding protein, [3] complement factors, ferritin, ceruloplasmin, serum amyloid A and haptoglobin.
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A viral infection can directly cause encephalitis or trigger a cascade ending in autoimmunity, with both mechanisms eventually leading to a rise in CSF lymphocyte concentration. [ citation needed ] For patients with Herpes simplex virus , more than 90% are found to have lymphocytic pleocytosis of varying levels. [ 5 ]