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  2. Graded bedding - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graded_bedding

    Bio erosion caused by animals, such as bivalves, shrimp and sponges change the marine substrate, resulting in layered bedding planes, due to their sifting of bed material in search of food. Organic clastic bedding can become shale and oil shale or millions of years under pressure.

  3. Heterolithic bedding - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterolithic_bedding

    Heterolithic bedding is a sedimentary structure made up of interbedded deposits of sand and mud. It is formed mainly in tidal flats but can also be formed in glacial environments. Examples from fluvial environments have been documented but are rare. [ 1 ]

  4. Shale - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shale

    Shale is a fine-grained, clastic sedimentary rock formed from mud that is a mix of flakes of clay minerals (hydrous aluminium phyllosilicates, e.g., kaolin, Al 2 Si 2 O 5 4) and tiny fragments (silt-sized particles) of other minerals, especially quartz and calcite. [1]

  5. Cleavage (geology) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleavage_(geology)

    Metamorphosed shale depicting slaty cleavage. Note the grains of mica, quartz, and ilmenite aligned with a preferred orientation. Continuous or penetrative cleavage describes fine grained rocks consisting of platy minerals evenly distributed in a preferred orientation. [1] The type of continuous cleavage that forms depends on the minerals present.

  6. Bed (geology) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bed_(geology)

    In geology, a bed is a layer of sediment, sedimentary rock, or volcanic rock "bounded above and below by more or less well-defined bedding surfaces". [1] A bedding surface is three-dimensional surface , planar or curved, that visibly separates each successive bed (of the same or different lithology ) from the preceding or following bed.

  7. Sill (geology) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sill_(geology)

    These planes or weakened areas allow the intrusion of a thin sheet-like body of magma paralleling the existing bedding planes, concordant fracture zone, or foliations. Sills run parallel to beds (layers) and foliations in the surrounding country rock. They can be originally emplaced in a horizontal orientation, although tectonic processes may ...

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