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Federalism in the United Kingdom aims at constitutional reform to achieve a federal UK [1] or a British federation, [2] where there is a division of legislative powers between two or more levels of government, so that sovereignty is decentralised between a federal government and autonomous governments in a federal system.
The Ministerial Code is a document setting out "rules" and standards for government ministers in the United Kingdom. [1] Separate codes exist for ministers of the Scottish Government , [ 2 ] the Northern Ireland Executive (based on the St Andrews Agreement ) [ 3 ] and the Welsh Government .
A permanent establishment (PE) is a fixed place of business that generally gives rise to income or value-added tax liability in a particular jurisdiction. The term is defined in many income tax treaties and in most European Union Value Added Tax systems.
In the United Kingdom, the Civil Service is the permanent bureaucracy or secretariat of Crown employees that supports His Majesty's Government, the Scottish Government and the Welsh Government, which is led by a cabinet of ministers chosen by the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
A non-domiciled UK resident earning less than £2,000 in a year outside the UK does not pay tax on this unless it is transferred to the UK. This would apply to the typical person taking up a temporary job in the UK, being paid, and paying tax on it, in the UK, with possible additional small earnings in the home country.
In the UK in 2021, of the total working population 32.5 million people were employed, there was 4.2% unemployment, and 6.6 million trade union members. The average income was £30,472, and the average working week was 36 hours. [1] United Kingdom labour law regulates the relations between workers, employers and trade unions. [2]
The permanent secretary, who in some but not all government departments is known formally as the permanent under-secretary of state, is the accounting officer for a department, meaning that they are answerable to Parliament for ensuring that the department appropriately spends money granted by Parliament.
The Immigration Rules, under the Immigration Act 1971, were updated in 2012 (Appendix FM) to create a strict minimum income threshold for non-EU spouses and children to be given leave to remain in the UK. These rules were challenged in the courts, and in 2017 the Supreme Court found that while "the minimum income threshold is accepted in ...