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Annual ryegrass toxicity (ARGT) is the poisoning of livestock from toxin contained in bacterially infected annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum). The toxin is produced by the bacterium Rathayibacter toxicus (formerly Clavibacter toxicus ), which is carried into the ryegrass by the nematode Anguina funesta .
Common names by which it is known include annual ryegrass, a name also given to Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum), rigid ryegrass, stiff darnel, Swiss ryegrass and Wimmera ryegrass. [1] It is a native of southern Europe, northern Africa, the Middle East and the Indian subcontinent and is grown as a forage crop, particularly in Australia ...
To mitigate the effects of annual ryegrass toxicity, farmers can move their livestock another, uninfected pasture at first sign of toxicity. [4] Hot water treatments or chemical seed treatments have been used to produce clean seed. [5] Infected pastures can be managed by mowing, herbicide treatments, or burning.
Prosulfocarb is a pre-emergent herbicide used agriculturally in Australia, the EU, Japan, New Zealand, (since 2020), Morocco and Iran, for control of annual ryegrass and toad rush in wheat and barley crops. [4] [5] [6] [3] It was introduced to the EU in 1988 and is rapidly growing in use, with sales increasing by over 500% in France since 2008. [7]
Nitralin is a selective pre-emergent dinitroaniline herbicide [7] that is closely related to trifluralin, and released two years later in 1966.Today it is largely obsolete. It was used in the USA, France and Australia to control annual grasses and broad-leaved weeds, and was applied on vines, crops [8] [9] [10] and tu
According to Ian Heap, a weed specialist, who completed his PhD on resistance to multiple herbicides in annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) in 1988 [189] – the first case of an herbicide-resistant weed in Australia [190] – by 2014 Lolium rigidum was the "world’s worst herbicide-resistant weed" with instances in "12 countries, 11 sites of ...
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