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Fluid friction describes the friction between layers of a viscous fluid that are moving relative to each other. [7] [8] Lubricated friction is a case of fluid friction where a lubricant fluid separates two solid surfaces. [9] [10] [11] Skin friction is a component of drag, the force resisting the motion of a fluid across the surface of a body.
As for friction, it is a result of both microscopic adhesion and chemical bond formation due to the electromagnetic force, and of microscopic structures stressing into each other; [3] in the latter phenomena, in order to allow motion, the microscopic structures must either slide one above the other, or must acquire enough energy to break one ...
Tribology is the science and engineering of understanding friction, lubrication and wear phenomena for interacting surfaces in relative motion.It is highly interdisciplinary, drawing on many academic fields, including physics, chemistry, materials science, mathematics, biology and engineering. [1]
The static friction increases or decreases in response to the applied force up to an upper limit determined by the characteristics of the contact between the surface and the object. [ 3 ] A static equilibrium between two forces is the most usual way of measuring forces, using simple devices such as weighing scales and spring balances .
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Contact mechanics is the study of the deformation of solids that touch each other at one or more points. [1] [2] This can be divided into compressive and adhesive forces in the direction perpendicular to the interface, and frictional forces in the tangential direction.
Traction can also refer to the maximum tractive force between a body and a surface, as limited by available friction; when this is the case, traction is often expressed as the ratio of the maximum tractive force to the normal force and is termed the coefficient of traction (similar to coefficient of friction).
In mechanics, friction torque is the torque caused by the frictional force that occurs when two objects in contact move. [1] Like all torques, it is a rotational force that may be measured in newton meters or pounds-feet.