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Cystoscopy has similar indications in animals, including visualisation and biopsy of mucosa, retrieval or destruction of urinary bladder stones and diagnosis of ectopic ureters. [9] [10] [11] In turtle and tortoises, cystoscopy has additional value as it permits the visualisation of internal organs due to the thin urinary bladder wall. [12]
Some stones are too large even for cystoscopic treatment and may require open cystotomy, in which an incision is made in the bladder and the stones are removed manually. For children with urinary stones, the evidence supporting treatment options is very weak and high quality trials are necessary to help guide clinical management. [17]
Because a pyelogram involves cystoscopy, it may cause sepsis, infection or bleeding, [13] and may also cause nausea and vomiting. [13] The dye may also be toxic to the kidneys. [13] Before the procedure, a person is usually asked to complete a safety check assessing for potential risks, such as pregnancy or allergy. [13]
In radiology and urology, a cystography (also known as cystogram) is a procedure used to visualise the urinary bladder.. Using a urinary catheter, radiocontrast is instilled in the bladder, and X-ray imaging is performed.
Common indications for urinary catheterization include acute or chronic urinary retention (which can damage the kidneys) from conditions such as benign prostatic hyperplasia, orthopedic procedures that may limit a patient's movement, the need for accurate monitoring of input and output (such as in an ICU), urinary incontinence that may compromise the ability to heal wounds, and the effects of ...
Treatment options include conservative treatment, behavioral therapy, bladder retraining, [37] pelvic floor therapy, collecting devices (for men), fixer-occluder devices for incontinence (in men), medications, and surgery. [38] Both nonpharmacological and pharmacological treatments may be effective for treating UI in non-pregnant women. [17]
Hunner's ulcers can only be accurately diagnosed via a cystoscopy, and at the same time can be treated with hydrodistention. The procedure is performed by a urologist either as an in office procedure or while the patient is under general anaesthesia as a day surgery.
As many as 16% of those treated with the chemotherapeutic cyclophosphamide go on to develop bladder cancer within 15 years of their treatment. [58] Similarly, those treated with pelvic radiation (typically for prostate or cervical cancer) are at increased risk of developing bladder cancer five to 15 years after treatment. [58]