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Godna, also known as Khoda, is an ancient traditional form of tattoo art originating from the tribal communities of Northern and Central India. [1] [2] These tattoos are characterized by intricate designs and vivid colors, often depicting elements of nature, mythology, and daily life. [3] [4]
This sentiment is popularized in films such as The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo. In the original book and in Swedish film interpretations, the dragon tattoo on Lisbeth is massive, taking up nearly the entire surface of her back. In the Americanized version of the film, the dragon tattoo is considerably smaller, covering only her left shoulder. [35]
These totemic designs represented tribal ancestors or symbolic creatures, and often became closely associated with tribal identity. [11] For example, the ancient Yue ethnic group is known for tattooing their bodies. In one tribe, a dragon pattern may have originated from a crocodile, which the people may have feared and worshipped. [10]
While the tradition itself originates with indigenous tribal animism, it became closely tied to the Hindu-Buddhist concept of yantra or mystical geometric patterns used during meditation. Tattoos of yantra designs were believed to hold magic power, and were used much like the kolam tattoos of India. For these people, religion is closely tied to ...
Once taboo, and a sign of rebellion, tattoos are now much more widely accepted. Body art has become hugely popular. But so too has tattoo remorse. A 2023 survey found that 1 in 4 Americans regret ...
Chin women were typically tattooed between the ages of 15 and 20. [17] The practice has quickly disappeared, as it was banned in the 1960s by Burma's socialist regime and it was discouraged by Christian missionaries. [18] [19] Mro women also wore tattoos in the form of small marks or stars on the cheek, forehead or breast. [3]
Women continued receiving moko through the early 20th century, [12] and the historian Michael King in the early 1970s interviewed over 70 elderly women who would have been given the moko before the 1907 Tohunga Suppression Act. [13] [14] Women's tattoos on lips and chin are commonly called pūkauae or moko kauae. [15] [16]
The tattooing practice is most often found in preliterate tribal communities, with women playing the chief role in this custom, both performing the ritual of applying tattoos and wear them. Among other things the tattoos may have been a symbol of sexual maturity, ancestry and tribal affiliations, as well as religious beliefs. [6]